Fuel Shock and Fragile Adjustment | Shock de combustibles y ajuste frágil

By Maggy Talavera:

#analysis by Gonzalo Chávez Álvarez on the measures launched by the government:

Fuel prices increase in Bolivia. First reaction.

As anticipated, the economy has entered a phase of abrupt correction of relative prices, marked by the withdrawal of one of the historical pillars of the economic model: the generalized subsidy to hydrocarbons.

The so-called “price adjustment” has been forceful. Gasoline recorded an increase of 86.1%, rising from 3.74 to 6.96 bolivianos per liter, while diesel—the most critical energy input for the productive structure—nearly tripled in price, climbing from 3.72 to 11 bolivianos, equivalent to an increase of 195.7%.

This asymmetry is not trivial: diesel is the fuel for heavy transport, agro-industry, and logistics, so its increase anticipates a cascade effect on production costs and, ultimately, on the prices of food and basic goods.

In response to this shock, the government has deployed a scheme of social compensations that operates selectively. On the one hand, a 20% increase in the minimum wage was decreed, consistent with projected inflation for 2025. On the other, the policy of direct transfers was reinforced with significantly larger increases: the Renta Dignidad rose by 66.7% (from 300 to 500 bolivianos) and the Juancito Pinto bonus by 50% (from 200 to 300 bolivianos).

The message is clear: the State seeks to protect non-working sectors—older adults and students—with greater intensity, while trusting that the wage adjustment will sustain the purchasing power of the employed population.

However, a closer analysis reveals several structural tensions. First, compensations are heavily concentrated in the formal sector of the economy, both through the minimum wage and through state-administered bonuses. This design overlooks a key fact of economic reality: nearly 80% of the economically active population is in the informal sector, without a guaranteed minimum wage, without contracts, and in many cases without direct access to the announced compensation mechanisms. For this segment, the diesel shock translates into higher transport and input costs, but without an equivalent safety net.

Second, the increase in the minimum wage, while aiming to preserve the real income of formal workers, introduces additional pressure on private companies, many of which already operate in a context of recession, falling sales, and financial constraints. In this sense, wage policy functions as a mechanism of social compensation, but also as a source of tension for formal employment, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises with narrow margins.

Added to these weaknesses is a significant political dimension. The adjustment has been implemented without a broad political agreement in the Legislative Assembly, support that would have been desirable to provide the measure with greater legitimacy and sustainability.

The absence of broad consensus increases the risk of reversal, blockades, or social conflict, especially in a context where the fuel price increase had long been announced and, therefore, anticipated by organized groups.

Likewise, the compensation scheme shows evident gaps. Clear mechanisms have not been defined for key sectors such as public transport, whose cost structure depends almost exclusively on diesel. The major unanswered question is what will happen to urban, interprovincial, and interdepartmental transport fares. An adjustment in these prices could amplify the inflationary impact on households, while a freeze would shift losses to transport operators already affected by rising costs.

Finally, the adjustment raises a deeper debate about its scope and equity. It is inevitable to ask why tougher measures were not simultaneously adopted on the public spending side, such as closing loss-making state-owned enterprises, significant cuts to public-sector payrolls, or a more aggressive rationalization of the state apparatus. By not addressing these fronts, the adjustment falls disproportionately on prices and the real income of households, rather than distributing costs between the public and private sectors.

In sum, the country faces a classic fiscal adjustment: distorted prices are corrected to relieve public finances, but considerable inflationary pressure is transferred to the real economy. The outcome will depend on three key factors: whether the 20% wage increase manages to sustain consumption in a context of skyrocketing energy costs; whether broader and more inclusive compensation mechanisms are designed, especially for the informal sector and transport; and, finally, the reaction of organized groups to a shock that, although announced, remains socially and politically explosive.

Added to this picture is an additional macroeconomic risk that cannot be underestimated: the high probability of accelerating inflation. The diesel shock—due to its cross-cutting effect on transport, food, and logistics—can quickly turn into persistent inflation if informal indexation mechanisms, unanchored expectations, and preventive price adjustments are activated. To prevent this process from evolving into an inflationary spiral that is difficult to control, the government would be practically compelled to adopt a strongly contractionary monetary policy, based on a significant increase in interest rates and credit restriction.

However, this medicine has severe side effects. Higher rates raise the cost of financing for firms and households, cool investment, and reduce consumption, deepening an already recessionary scenario. In other words, the classic dilemma reappears starkly: contain inflation at the cost of deeper recession, or tolerate further deterioration of purchasing power to avoid a collapse in economic activity. In an economy with high informality, limited access to credit, and financially fragile firms, the contractionary channel of monetary policy tends to be particularly regressive and ineffective at disciplining prices, while strongly punishing employment and production.

Thus, the current adjustment not only faces the social challenge of compensating an unprecedented price shock, but also the technical challenge of coordinating fiscal, social, and monetary policy in a context of fragile expectations. If inflation accelerates and the monetary response is excessively restrictive, the country could become trapped in a particularly costly combination: high inflation with deep recession, a scenario that typically erodes the political legitimacy of the adjustment rapidly and reactivates social conflict. The balance between stabilization and economic sustainability will therefore be the true test of this stage of the correction program.

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