Racism Unmasked After the Runoff | Racismo sin máscara tras el balotaje

By Romina Saavedra, Opinion:

DEBATE BETWEEN THE PLURINATIONAL AND THE REPUBLICAN

The fall of Tuto and the hangover of hatred: without the ‘Masista’ on stage, racism makes a feast

After the runoff election, social media was flooded with messages against Indigenous people, peasants, and the left. Sociologist Luciana Jáuregui explains that a battle has opened over who gets to name the nation.

Algunos de los mensajes con contenido discriminatorio en redes sociales./RRSS Y REVUELTA MALCRIADA
Some of the discriminatory messages on social media. / RRSS AND REVUELTA MALCRIADA

“So much lari. When the country goes to sh… and your children have nothing to eat, remember this day”; “there are few who think before voting”; “what a shame for Bolivia; maybe the peasants and rural areas deserve, indeed, what they have, and not even in 100 years will their situation change”; “let’s normalize racism again, please”; “‘damn collas’ is gaining more strength than ever; sad reality of my country”; “universal suffrage is to blame; if you’re ignorant, you shouldn’t vote. Voting should be a privilege”; “it’s the fault of the damn leftist Indians, I’m sure there’s at least one decent Indian.”

Far from being imaginary, these are real messages — with authors, amplifiers, and applauders. Last Sunday, more than one person encountered some of them on their Facebook feed as soon as the preliminary runoff results came out, declaring Rodrigo Paz the winner and Jorge Tuto Quiroga the loser.

The hate messages against Indigenous people, peasants, and the left began to erupt forcefully on social media — an exacerbated form of discontent expressed by voters who decided to identify “the other” as the culprit for the country’s uncertain destiny.

With the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) absent from the runoff scenario — in the first round it managed barely 3.17%, enough only to preserve its legal status — discriminatory content has become far more explicit. This is how sociologist Luciana Jáuregui understands it, analyzing the phenomenon after the second round and concluding that racism will become a structuring element of politics.

In an interview with OPINIÓN, Jáuregui explains that racism had been somewhat attenuated, in a way, under the label of “masista” when the blue party held power. Now in decline, with no chance of presence in the next government, discrimination is laid bare.

Calling someone masista was a way of insulting them, with racist content, but in a more euphemistic, more veiled way. The problem is that when MAS falls, much more openly racist discourse is revealed. One of the questions is: what exactly is being disputed? Until now, everyone thought it was purely an anti-MAS stance — but MAS falls and the problem persists, because at its core it is a rejection of Indigenous and popular sectors in all their heterogeneity.”

For Jáuregui, these discriminatory messages must be read as “a symptom of what society is going through,” having transitioned from a period of Indigenous valorization during MAS rule to the current resurgence of racism.

“It’s not that racism disappeared during the MAS era — not at all — but yes, precisely because of those pro-Indigenous discourses, racism was, in some way, contained. I believe much of the recent reactivation of racism has to do with sociological changes in society, where traditional power structures based on lineage have been eroding. In recent times, Indigenous sectors — with all their contradictions — have gained access to positions of power, entered the market more strongly, expanded their consumption, become professionals, urbanized. That has disrupted the previous power structure where white-mestizo elites sat at the top. That is a fact — and although it sounds macro, distant — one experiences it daily, where racist content constantly resurfaces to delegitimize the other’s competence in everyday life.”

She suggests that pejorative claims such as “those who govern are ignorant” or “those in positions of power are ignorant” should be read as expressions of competition between white-mestizo elites and emerging Indigenous and popular elites fighting for political space.

Jáuregui places on the table a first looming debate: the emergence of a contest over naming the nation — between the continuity of the plurinational project and the return to a republican notion. This, she states, is an open and long-term dispute, not to be resolved immediately nor solely by the election. “It’s a struggle over who gets to name the whole, who will give meaning to the nation, which culture will be the raw material of Bolivianness. That is what’s at stake. And that problem is only just beginning.”

Her second point: “Every conflict we will have from now on will be shaped by that struggle between two social segments, where racism will be an organizing force in politics — because ultimately what is at stake is the political status of the subjects themselves; racism will be a fully active component of politics.”

When people on social media repeat that “the ignorant shouldn’t vote” or “democracy means the ignorant get to vote,” the subtext, according to the specialist, is a challenge to the political status of Indigenous people as political subjects.

DISGUISED RACISM
Jáuregui also analyzes the controversial case of a congresswoman who, in an apparent attempt to curb the rise of hate speech online, argued that those who voted for the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) did so “based on their level of education.”

For Jáuregui, this is disguised racism. She cites Pierre Bourdieu to explain the concept of “racism of intelligence.” “It seeks rational arguments to legitimize a racist position. And what’s the mechanism? Attributing knowledge, rationality, expertise, prestige, education — to certain social subjects based on their race. So, to say that Indigenous people ‘don’t know’ because they are uneducated, didn’t attend good schools or access education, and therefore vote the way they do — while we are rational, educated, went to good schools, and vote rationally and technically — that is the underlying message. Democracy, by definition, rests on the equality of intelligences.”

Researcher Fernando Molina agrees, stating that “the antidote to racism is the firm belief in the equality of human beings beyond their education, their place of origin, or their political party.”

The way to oppose racism is by affirming that equality — not by trying to justify inequality as something educational rather than biological. What we are seeing now is a recurrence of a debate that has existed throughout Bolivia’s history — between biological racism, the kind that says ‘these Indians are incapable of thinking,’ or like that Chilean congresswoman who claimed we have an oxygenation deficit — that is scientific racism; and civilizational racism, which assumes Indigenous people are ignorant and must be educated.”

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