Bolivia: In Between Two Giants? | ¿Entre dos gigantes?

By Windsor Hernani, Vision 360:

Bolivia vs. the U.S. and China: Is a Foreign Policy of Doña Flor and Her Two Husbands Possible?

Both countries have tools to condition Bolivia’s behavior, reducing its margin for decision and maneuvering.

Published in 1966, Doña Flor and Her Two Husbands is a novel by Jorge Amado that tells the story of a woman torn between two incompatible loves: Vadinho, the passionate, adventurous, and overflowing husband; and Teodoro, the serious, formal, and stability-providing one. The simultaneous coexistence with both proved impossible, as it inevitably generated vital contradictions.

This literary story perfectly fits the foreign policy crossroads that the new government will have to face before the two great powers of the 21st century: the United States and China.

In recent years, the “diplomacy of the peoples” deepened ties with China, minimizing relations with the United States. The current electoral dynamic and economic demands have put on the table the proposal to restore ties with Washington while maintaining relations with Beijing. In other words, the idea is to develop a foreign policy analogous to Doña Flor’s life—attempting to live simultaneously with two competing husbands.

In the face of this dilemma, many recommend applying the principle of “neutrality,” an old stance that several states practiced during the Cold War. The Non-Aligned Movement arose precisely from that logic, refusing to take sides in the confrontation between the U.S. and its NATO allies against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. However, history showed that absolute neutrality was largely rhetorical but illusory in practice. The great powers exerted pressure, and small countries rarely managed to sustain ambiguous positions without paying a high political, economic, or even military cost.

The current international scenario presents similarities and differences with that context. Today, the U.S.-China rivalry is multidimensional—it is not limited to the military sphere but also encompasses the global economy, technology (5G, artificial intelligence, semiconductors), supply chains, and access to critical resources such as lithium. Within this framework, the recommendation to avoid taking sides and to maintain friendly dialogue with both poles seems reasonable in theory but is a highly risky bet in practice.

Political realism (realpolitik) provides a useful framework to understand this dilemma and its consequences. According to this perspective, states act guided by interests defined in terms of power—not by moral principles or ideological affinities. Under that logic, anything that strengthens their capacity for influence is acceptable, and anything that weakens it is unacceptable.

In the terms of Robert Dahl—the political scientist who developed theories about power—we could say that powers act internationally in search of greater influence and, consequently, pressure other countries to do something they would not freely consent to. The method may vary, but the most common is a persuasive action, so to speak, based on a system of punishments and rewards.

Thus, the great powers draw red lines and sanction any action contrary to their interests, discouraging double games. Donald Trump’s statement that “any country aligning with the anti-U.S. policies of the BRICS will pay an additional tariff,” followed by tariff increases on Bolivia and Brazil, constitutes irrefutable evidence of such practice.

In this relentless struggle for power, small and vulnerable countries like Bolivia have little room for maneuver, and the risk of maintaining a “double game” policy is to end up with weak ties in both directions. Such was Doña Flor’s fate—without the passion of one, nor the security of the other.

Today, it is a fact that Bolivia maintains a dependent relationship with China. It is Bolivia’s main trading partner, its largest bilateral creditor, and has particular interest in projects linked to lithium and other strategic raw materials. Conversely, although relations with the United States are at a standstill, that country controls global financial flows through multilateral organizations such as the IMF, the IDB, and the World Bank—indispensable in the current context of economic crisis. In short, both countries have tools to condition Bolivia’s behavior, reducing its margin for decision and maneuvering.

In this context of needs and constraints, the new government’s foreign policy regarding the United States and China cannot be based on naïveté. It must be built upon pragmatic realism, choosing clear priorities, acting intelligently, and, above all, defending the national interest.

This is not about playing “Doña Flor” in geopolitics but about being a state with a defined strategy, aware of its limited autonomy, and determined to maximize opportunities—bearing very much in mind that we live in an international scenario marked by fierce competition among great powers, where naïve or innocent actions have no place. Hopefully, the new government’s diplomacy will be up to the task.

Leave a comment