Natives: the first settlers of the lowlands | Nativos: los primeros pobladores de las tierras bajas

By Beatriz Beby Avalos, El Deber:

Foto de indígenas que forma parte de los archivos del Museo de Historia Fotos: Museo de Historia de la Uagrm

Diverse ethnicities: Photo of indigenous people, part of the archives of the History Museum Photos: History Museum of Uagrm

In pre-Hispanic times, different ethnic groups inhabited the Bolivian lowlands

Information about the first indigenous peoples who populated Santa Cruz and the lowlands in general before the arrival of the Spaniards is not as abundant as one might think. There are documents and research, but they are scattered, and, as anthropologist Isabelle Combès points out, some authors reduce the region’s natives to the equivalent of “savages or barbarians, without law or history,” who either “faced Spaniards and Creoles (without delving into whether the rebels were Guaraní, Guarayo, or others) or to the passive state of anonymous neophytes in the Jesuit missions.”

The pre-Hispanic indigenous population was made up of different ethnic groups. In his book Historia de los cruceños, historian Alcides Parejas divides the territory into three sub-areas: the Llanos de Moxos or Moxitania, the Chiquitania, and the Cordillera of the Chiriguanos or Chiriguania. He details the way of life, dialect, and culture of each people inhabiting this vast territory now known as the Bolivian East.

The Chiquitos, for example, were called that by the Spaniards because of the type of houses they lived in: small doors that required kneeling to enter. Men lived naked and women wore shirts with sleeves reaching the elbow.

Men slept in hammocks (nets), while women used mats. They lived by hunting and fishing; they cultivated maize, cassava, peanuts, pineapple, tobacco, and other crops. Each village had a chief, designated by merit and valor in war.

Los indígenas eran expertos en caza y pesca /Foto: Museo de Historia de la Uagrm

The natives who inhabited what is now the Bolivian East used bows and arrows not only to obtain food but also in battle. /Photo: History Museum of Uagrm

Throughout the 17th century, the Chiriguano were considered “war Indians.” They had conquered the Chané, cultivated maize, cassava, beans, sweet potato, cotton, tobacco, and fruits. For hunting they used bows, arrows, and bolas; for fishing, reed baskets and nets. At first, men wore only loincloths, and later, from the Quechuas, they adopted a cotton tunic.

Women carried out domestic tasks; they made ceramics, palm-leaf baskets, and yarn. They lived in houses with mud walls; slept on mats and only used hammocks to rest during the day or as cradles for children.

Each village was led by a chief (mburubicha), whose authority was hereditary.

The Chané, of Arawak origin, were a peaceful people dedicated to fishing, hunting, and farming. Men went naked, while women wore short-sleeved shirts.

In Samaipata, the Chané fought the Quechuas and won, but later the Guaraní arrived, and despite the Chané being numerous, they were defeated.

According to Combès, in the Jesuit missions of the 18th century more than 75 ethnic groups were recorded, belonging to six linguistic families: Guaraní, Chiquito, Arawak, Otuqui, Chapacura, and Zamuco. Today, the Political Constitution of the State of Bolivia recognizes 36 indigenous peoples, most of them from the lowlands.

Jesuita evangelizando

Jesuit evangelizing. The missionaries’ purpose was to Christianize and civilize the natives. They taught them production, crafts, and art.

TO KNOW

Chiquitos. During eclipses, they shot arrows into the sky against the one attacking the Moon.

Yuracaré. The body of the deceased was wrapped in fibers and buried with the head facing east.

Chané. They played a ball game (rubber), which could only be touched with the head.

Ethnicities. In the Jesuit missions of the 18th century, more than 75 different ethnic groups were recorded (I. Combès).

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