The Secret Pact Between Tuto and Samuel | El pacto secreto de Tuto y Samuel

By Ronald MacLean, El Día:

In July 1997, Jorge “Tuto” Quiroga, the elected vice president alongside Hugo Banzer Suárez, and Samuel Doria Medina, who had run for vice president with Jaime Paz Zamora, traveled to Washington, DC. Their mission: to negotiate the acceptance of the MIR’s incorporation into the new Bolivian government.

Tuto brought with him an unlikely offer: the Coca Cero (Zero Coca) plan, which aimed to eradicate all coca crops in the Chapare region. In exchange, the U.S. State Department would lift its ban on the MIR party so it could participate in Banzer’s government. At the time, MIR leaders were barred from entering the U.S., and one of their top officials was serving a lengthy prison sentence.

That fateful summer, Tuto asked me to arrange a meeting with Jeffrey Sachs, with whom I worked at Harvard. We flew to Boston and visited him at his home.

Tuto presented his proposal, which had already been submitted to the U.S. State Department, World Bank, IMF, and Inter-American Development Bank.

Sachs couldn’t believe what he was hearing. In his direct style, he told Tuto: “Coca Cero is a terrible idea. If the U.S. government wants that, they should give you 3 billion dollars.” His shock deepened when Tuto explained that the plan was his own initiative, not a U.S. government imposition. Sachs was stunned. “You’re going to turn thousands of poor farmers into criminals,” he warned. Tuto and Samuel exchanged silent glances. Naturally, they didn’t reveal that this was the price they offered in exchange for the MIR’s participation in the government and the return of their visas.

The implementation of this anti-drug policy under the Banzer-Quiroga administration—alongside the expulsion of Evo Morales from Congress in January 2002, orchestrated by former MIR member and current Tuto ally Luis Vásquez Villamor—sparked intense resistance in the Chapare and empowered the cocalero leader. In the 2002 elections, Evo Morales went from a marginal fourth place in the polls to finishing a close second behind Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada.

While many blame former U.S. ambassador Manuel Rocha for warning voters against Morales, it was Tuto himself—by then president—who brought Rocha to the political event where the statement was made. According to Rocha, Tuto was aware of the content of his “diplomatic” anti-Evo remarks.

Back in 2000, when I was Minister of Finance, I explained to President Banzer the consequences of the coca eradication policy combined with a crackdown on the informal economy—which generates most employment—and customs reforms. Banzer told me, “Had I known the consequences of these measures, I would never have accepted them. That’s why you’re my minister and report to me, not to Tuto, like your predecessor did.”

The road to this point began in 1989 with a strategy to capture the ADN party. This included persuading General Banzer in 1993 to run alongside “Motete” Zamora, a founding leader of the pro-China Bolivian Communist Party, as his vice-presidential candidate—a man who had previously led land occupations in “Chane-Bedoya” in northern Santa Cruz.

That campaign proved to be Banzer’s “Waterloo”; he lost disastrously. His campaign co-chairs were none other than Tuto Quiroga for ADN and a charismatic MIR leader. Tuto also served as a surrogate speaker for Banzer—a kind of political rehearsal.

After Banzer’s death in May 2002, Tuto stifled the party, preventing its participation in future elections. Meanwhile, Jaime Paz effectively committed political suicide by dismantling the MIR, clearing the way for Tuto’s presidential ambitions. But it didn’t go as planned.

With the ADN and MIR party labels erased, Tuto founded “Podemos” to run in the 2005 elections, adopting the red star as its symbol and enlisting Venezuelan Alfredo Keller—former adviser to Hugo Chávez—as his consultant.

Ironically, the person now most closely following ADN’s 1985 liberal agenda is none other than Jaime Dunn, son of an ADN member. Tuto is now imploring Dunn for support in his “liberal” campaign, willing to adopt his libertarian platform—one similar to the one that led Banzer to his unlikely 1985 electoral victory and the presidency in 1997, with Tuto as his running mate.

And so, Tuto and Samuel are now grappling with the consequences of the secret pact they made in 1997—one that birthed the insurgent Chapare and propelled their common nemesis, Evo Morales, to political power. All of it, despite Jeffrey Sachs’s wise and visionary warning in Boston that July of 1997.

The author taught at Harvard, was mayor of La Paz, and served as a cabinet minister.

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