Our Ancestors | Nuestros antepasados

Anthropomorphic figures in the cave paintings of Thamari. | Figuras antropomorfas en las pinturas rupestres de Thamari. Photographs: Marcelino Vedia and Edmundo Salinas

By Juan José Toro, Correo del Sur:

Cave paintings found in southern Bolivia reveal human settlements dating back approximately 10,000 years

As Bolivia draws ever closer to the bicentennial of its independence, it has become increasingly clear that several cultures flourished in this territory long before the arrival of the so-called Inca Empire.

In Chuquisaca, the most studied culture is the Yampara, but others also existed in the rest of the department—such as the Charcas—leaving behind traces of their existence that are now under archaeological study. Potosí fared better in this regard: thanks to colonial documents like the Memorial de Charcas and testimonies from dozens of laypeople, we now know that at least eight distinct cultures thrived in that department: Qaraqara, Karanka, Killaka, Lípez, Sura, Chicha, Chui, and the aforementioned Charcas.

While the existence of these cultures is accepted, what is their origin? It is important to note here that the most widely accepted theory on the origin of humans in the Americas is the migrationist theory. That is, it proposes that the Americas were populated by waves of migrants who arrived from Asia, Africa, or Europe, either during the time of the supercontinent Pangaea or by crossing ice-covered waters at what is now the Bering Strait.

WORLD HERITAGE

These migratory waves entered our continent via Beringia, the land bridge that formed between western Alaska and eastern Siberia during the glacial period in what is now the Bering Strait. Initially settling in the north, they gradually moved throughout the lands that today make up the Americas. It is estimated that around 40,000 years ago, humans entered present-day North America. While some groups settled and established colonies, others continued southward through Central America, eventually reaching South America—a process that spanned thousands of years.

Around 20,000 years ago, they arrived at what is now the Chiribiquete mountain range, a group of rocky plateaus located not only in the Colombian Amazon but also reaching into Brazil.

The Chiribiquete range lies in Colombia’s Caquetá and Guaviare departments, straddling the equator—literally the center of the world. There, anthropologist Carlos Castaño Uribe found cave paintings estimated to be 22,000 years old, confirming that major migratory waves reached the area during that time.

The importance of the find is such that Chiribiquete has been inscribed on UNESCO’s list of natural and cultural heritage sites.

IN POTOSÍ

Around 2016, reports emerged of cave paintings or engravings in caves in Rural District 14 of the municipality of Potosí. The only person who gave them real importance was tour guide Marcelino Vedia who, once he became a city councilman, contacted Castaño and invited him to visit Potosí.

The Colombian anthropologist arrived in 2018, inspected the cave paintings, photographed them, and took notes to prepare a report on his observations. His estimation is extraordinary: he believes the paintings are at least 10,000 years old.

Before drafting his report on the Potosí cave inspection, Castaño responded to a questionnaire I sent him by email:

1. What area of Potosí did you visit?
A. Thamari, Arroyo Pulka, near the town of Turicaya.

2. What is the estimated age of the cave paintings you observed?
A. They belong to an American Paleoindian cultural tradition—Chiribiquete Tradition (Colombia) and Nordeste Tradition (Brazil)—dated around 10,000 years Before Present (BP).

3. Did you find any other traces of pre-Hispanic peoples or settlements?
A. This is a tradition of hunter-gatherer groups linked to Brazil’s Cerrado and Caatinga regions and the Amazonian tepui formations in Colombia, whose most evident cultural expression today is their hyper-realistic rock art.

4. Is it possible to determine which peoples or cultures the paintings or remnants belong to?
A. As stated for Brazil and Colombia: very ancient peoples that demonstrate a broad distribution across South America.

5. Feel free to add anything else not covered by these questions.
A. The significance of this new Thamaro-Pilka site is that it allows us to correlate it with my ongoing research on the Chiribiquete Cultural Tradition over the past three decades in the Colombian Amazon, and with the Nordeste Tradition of Brazil (in the states of Rio Grande and Piaui). My current scientific data documents a vast cultural heritage that confirms the existence of this tradition, from which we inherit many symbolic and iconographic elements related to American jaguar symbolism and a large, mobile, and highly adaptive population.

Castaño explains in an electronic publication dedicated to the study of Latin American rock art that Chiribiquete is an archaeological cultural tradition based on discoveries of more than 200,000 cave drawings in the mountain range of the Colombian Amazon.

“The rock art discovered so far reveals a series of features that have helped define a Cultural Tradition with apparently very ancient Paleoindian roots, and therefore linked to hunter-gatherer groups of the Tropical Humid Forest and semi-arid enclaves of the Guianas and Amazon,” he explains on the Rupestreweb portal.

The Paleoindian period spans from 40,000 to 10,000 BP, and the average age of the Chiribiquete Cultural Tradition is 19,500 BP. What Castaño calls “jaguarity” refers to iconography that “shows a surprising rigor in the depiction of human-animal relationships, access to power and energy exchanges through shamanic rituals, and emphasizes the prominence of the jaguar figure as one of the most important symbols of power, knowledge, skill, and the sharpness of hunters and warriors.”

MIGRATION

The findings in Potosí confirm that the migratory process that reached present-day South America continued onward. While some groups settled in Chiribiquete, others moved further south. Castaño concluded that the cave paintings in Potosí date back 10,000 years BP. This means that, as colonizing groups moved south, they reached and settled in this area around that time. Given the route taken, it is also possible that these groups settled in territories between the Colombian Amazon and the Potosí highlands—and perhaps continued migrating even further south. This lends Chiribiquete exceptional value for all humanity.

Despite the immense significance of these revelations, the authorities in Potosí failed to recognize it. The discovery remained merely a report. At the regional level, this lack of impact is understandable, but it is more troubling that there was no national response.

If the migration reached Potosí, it is logical to assume it passed through other regions in what is now Bolivia, including Chuquisaca.

Researcher Edmundo Salinas, who has visited nearly every archaeological site in southern Bolivia, states that “in Chuquisaca, we have identified more than 100 sites with rock art.” However, he has not linked those sites to time periods or social formations, as there is no evidence to do so. In Potosí, he says, more than 40 sites with cave art have been identified in the following areas: in the north, the provinces of Charcas and Chayanta (Toro Toro, Ravelo); in Tomás Frías province, near the city of Potosí, including Tarapaya; in the northwest, Quijarro and Daniel Campos provinces; in the southeast, Nor Chichas, Sud Chichas, and Modesto Omiste; and in the southwest, Nor Lípez and Sud Lípez.

What’s needed now is funding for research to determine which of these sites are connected to the Chiribiquete tradition.

(*) Juan José Toro is the founder of the Historical Research Society of Potosí (SIHP).

Leave a comment