“WHAT WERE THE INGOTS FROM THE IMPERIAL CITY OF POTOSÍ LIKE, AND HOW CAN THEY BE IDENTIFIED?” | “¿CÓMO FUERON LOS LINGOTES DE LA VILLA IMPERIAL DE POTOSÍ Y COMO RECONOCERLOS?”

By Historia y Leyenda de la Villa Imperial de Potosí – Bolivia:

“NOW WE WILL TALK ABOUT WHAT REALLY HAS VALUE AND CHANGED THE ENTIRE WORLD: ‘SILVER INGOTS'”
“PORTS, CITIES, VICEROYALTIES, ARMIES, TEMPLES, SHIPS, EMPIRES, PALACES, MAGNATES, DOLLARS, GLOBALIZATION—NONE OF THIS WOULD BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE SILVER FROM THE IMPERIAL CITY OF POTOSÍ”

“WHAT WERE THE INGOTS FROM THE IMPERIAL CITY OF POTOSÍ LIKE, AND HOW CAN THEY BE IDENTIFIED?”

The silver ingots from the Imperial City of Potosí were transported on the backs of llamas and mules to the ocean. Each ingot weighed nearly 30 kilograms of silver—between 28 and 29.5 kilograms to be precise. As seen in the engraving by the French artist Jacques Le Moyne, titled “Train of Llamas Laden with Silver from Potosí Mines”, created in 1580 and reproduced by the Belgian goldsmith and engraver Theodore de Bry, each mule carried more than 200 kg—up to six ingots. Some sources mention loads of up to 300 kg, equivalent to ten ingots.

But what were the key characteristics that allow us to recognize the ingots from the Imperial City of Potosí?

First, the ingots from Potosí bore an engraved “P” for Potosí, along with the year of their casting. For example, the ingots found on the Atocha galleon were marked with “P1622,” indicating they were cast in Potosí in the year 1622.

Second, only Potosí ingots featured a distinctive “double scoop” mark—a double assay cut taken by the assayer. On Potosí ingots, this resulted in an infinity-like symbol.

Third, the owner’s mark was inscribed on the ingots. In this case, Lorenzo de Arriola left a monogram with the letters “AR,” and 17th-century records list him as a resident of Potosí. The owner’s initials thus serve as another way to identify an ingot’s origin.

However, the majority of Potosí silver ingots bear the letter “P” or have a double assay mark. Potosí silver was the foundation of ports, cities, viceroyalties, armies, temples, ships, palaces, empires, magnates, dollars, and the globalization of the world.

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