The Harvard Decree | El decreto de Harvard

By Juan Jose Toro, Vision 360:

By curbing hyperinflation, it also contained the economic crisis, and although Paz Estenssoro said it shouldn’t last more than 20 years, it is now on track to reach 40.

“Bolivia is dying.” This phrase, uttered by Víctor Paz Estenssoro on August 29, 1985, to justify the enactment of Supreme Decree 21060, has become one of the most iconic in Bolivia’s history, as it reflected the harsh reality of its time.

Thirty-nine years ago, our country was mired in an economic crisis that led to the worst inflation in its history. The decree was approved by the cabinet after Paz convened his ministers and practically locked them in until they did so. One often forgotten detail of that moment is that most of the MNR (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement) opposed the implementation of a law that, at first glance, aligned with a global trend dubbed “neoliberalism.” The opposition was thus more political than economic, but what Bolivia needed at that moment was an economic solution.

Eventually, the decree was enacted, and the rest is well-known history: it sparked fierce opposition, resulting in protests that were difficult to quell, even with a state of siege. Dozens of leaders were exiled, and practically no one acknowledged an evident fact: hyperinflation was halted.

Decree 21060 was a turning point, and now that more than a generation has passed since its enactment, it is a fitting time to study its history. Like any historical event, it can be divided into “before” and “after.” The “after” is well-known to all Bolivians, as we continue to live it, but the “before” is less understood.

How did we reach August 29, 1985? That story can be found, summarized, in Chapter 5 of the book “The End of Poverty” by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs, who is considered the architect of the economic model established by the decree. In those pages, Sachs himself names the two people who facilitated his connection with Bolivia: David Blanco and Ronald MacLean, who were at Harvard University attending a development seminar organized by the World Bank. “A young Bolivian, Ronald MacLean, a graduate of the Kennedy School and later mayor of La Paz and a great friend of mine, stood up and began the seminar with the most astonishing description of Bolivian hyperinflation that I could have imagined,” he wrote.

The rest cannot fit into such a short article and deserves at least a historiographical essay. To conclude, I’ll note that Decree 21060 was born at Harvard and was not precisely the work of Paz Estenssoro but of a team of people who worked even against their own interests, facing opposition from the older and more conservative factions. By curbing hyperinflation, it also contained the economic crisis, and although Paz Estenssoro said it shouldn’t last more than 20 years, it is now on track to reach 40, as no government has dared to replace it. This is the first proof that, to date, it remains the only recipe keeping Bolivia’s economy alive.

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