Andean condor and white quebracho | Cóndor andino y quebracho blanco

Yvette Sierra P./Mongabay, Opinión:

Andean condor and white quebracho: new reserve seeks to protect them from the threat

The Quebracho and Condor Natural Reserve in the Laderas Mountain Range was created on August 24, 2023, in Tarija. The community of Laderas Norte promoted its creation after 34 condors died in that area in February 2021 as a result of poisoning.

El área protegida se creó para conservar al cóndor andino, especie emblemática de Bolivia./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA
The protected area was created to conserve the Andean condor, an emblematic species of Bolivia./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA

In February 2021, national mourning was declared in Bolivia for the death of 34 condors. The images that circulated on social networks showed a desolate panorama in a place in the town of Laderas Norte, located about 20 kilometers from the city of Tarija. Today, that same place was declared the first municipal-rural protected area dedicated to the conservation of the majestic bird.

This is the Quebracho and Condor Natural Reserve in the Laderas Mountain Range created precisely to protect this emblematic bird of South America and at the same time conserve a relict of the white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco), a tree species characteristic of the Chaco.

“It is interesting that right in that place there is a small white quebracho forest,” says Verónica Sanjinés, a lawyer from the Nativa Foundation, who accompanied the community throughout the process of creating the protected area.

Un cóndor andino sobrevolando el área protegida./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA
An Andean condor flying over the protected area./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA

THE NEW PROTECTED AREA

The condor tragedy marked a change in the community of Laderas Norte. “When we arrived at the place we could see the (dead) condors everywhere. There were also many people from state organizations at the municipal, departmental and national levels. There was a lot of consternation over the news,” Sanjinés recalls.

This bird of prey, present on the national coat of arms of Bolivia, had been the victim of a fortuitous event as a result of the conflict between the farmers of that town and the pumas that live in the area.

A poisoned prey that was intended for the pumas that fed on the farmers’ livestock ended up annihilating the 34 condors. After this event, the inhabitants of the town of Laderas Norte decided that the entire territory of their community, with an area of 3,295.99 hectares, would be allocated to the creation of this reserve to protect the condor and the white quebracho.

“As a consequence of the death of the condors, the idea arises among farmers to look for some protection mechanism for these birds and that, in addition, contribute to the community to improve their quality of life,” says Sanjinés. “We as an institution found the idea very interesting because it is incredible that so close to the city of Tarija, just 40 minutes away, there are condors. In other countries you have to travel hours to observe this bird.”

Sanjinés also mentions that the original proposal included several communities in an area of 57,000 hectares; However, there was no consensus between the communities and the only one that persisted with the project was Laderas Norte. “It is interesting to see a community with an impressive commitment to conservation that makes the decision that its entire territory becomes a protected area,” says Sanjinés.

The Municipal Law creating the reserve was issued on August 24, 2023. The document indicates that the objective is to preserve the geomorphological, landscape characteristics, biological and cultural diversity of the place, as well as conserve and maintain species of exceptional value and vulnerable such as the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), its nesting and circulation areas. The Law also details the objective of “protecting the only relict white quebracho forest existing in the central valley of Tarija.”

The creation document also indicates that community tourism will be promoted as a way to contribute to local and regional development, and scientific research will be promoted. Furthermore, with the creation of the new protected area, the main water sources in the area will be conserved.

“It is a community of small-scale potato and fruit producers, but the interesting thing is that they do not use agrochemicals, their production is ecological, and that is an additional value for the area. In addition, it has interesting tourism potential, therefore, it is a possibility to generate income for the community,” says Sanjinés.

The creation of this protected area also puts a brake on the advancement of urbanization in the area – comments Nativa’s lawyer – due to the proximity of Laderas Norte to the city of Tarija. “The urban area is advancing a lot towards areas that are still productive. “There is a lot of land speculation, so this was another argument for the creation of the protected area.”

La creación de la reserva fue una iniciativa de la comunidad Laderas Norte luego de que murieran 34 cóndores envenenados en la zona./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA
The creation of the reserve was an initiative of the Laderas Norte community after 34 condors died from poisoning in the area./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA

A BIODIVERSAL AREA

The Quebracho and Cóndor Natural Reserve in the Laderas Mountain Range is located in the transition zone between the Tucumán-Bolivian sub-Andean forests and the western mountain range that is home to trees, shrubs and cacti, ecosystems represented by a great variety of wild flora.

Representative species of the sub-Andean forest include the mudwood (Blepharocalyx salicifolios), the laurel (Cinnamomun prophyria), the cedar (Cedrela lilloi), the walnut (Junglans australis), the tipa (Tipuana tipu) and the red quinoa (Myroxylon peruiferum ), among other. While in the inter-Andean valleys the carob (Prosopis sp), kiñi (Acacia macracantha), molle (Schinus molle), ceibo (Erythrina falcata), queñua (Polilepys sp.) appear. And on the slopes the jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and the tolilla (Eupatorium bunifolium) grow.

A characteristic of this protected area is “the homogeneous area of approximately 57 hectares with at least 10,000 mature and young specimens of the white quebracho,” is explained in the socio-environmental diagnosis and proposal for the creation of the municipal protected area, prepared in the year 2021.

This species – says the document – deserves to be protected because it is the only relict of its existing population in the Central Valley of Bolivia, despite the fact that it is a native species characteristic of the Chaco. According to the Red Book of Threatened Plants of the Bolivian Lowlands, the white quebracho is classified as Vulnerable for Bolivia, due to the reduction and fragmentation of the places where it is found.

Regarding fauna, the diagnostic document mentions among the representative species the fox (Cerdocyon thous), corzuela (Mazama gouazoubira), cat (Leopardus geoffroyi), puma (Puma concolor), anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), honey bear ( Tamandua tetradactyla), skunk (Conepatus chinga), jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), badger (Nasua nasua), jaguar (Pantera onca), and the condor (Vultur gryphus), among others.

“The condor, with its status as an iconic and representative species, and also obviously threatened, is a species that serves as a lever for the conservation and creation of a protected area,” comments Diego Méndez, director of the Birds of Prey Research Program in Bolivia.

Méndez also comments that the conservation of the Andean condor is complex, due to the movement capacity of this bird capable of moving great distances, therefore, comments the expert, the surface of an area can mean only a fraction of the displacement area a condor uses. “The reserve is entirely within the distribution of the condor, but as primary tasks it could be said that more studies should be done within the reserve and explore if there are nests, roosts, as well as see how frequently the condors feed in that area.”

The specialist in birds of prey considers that the population’s commitment to the creation of this protected area and the conservation of the condor could mean that poisoning like the one in 2021 never again occurs, at least within the protected area.

La Reserva Natural del Quebracho y Cóndor en la Cordillera de Laderas se ubica en el departamento de Tarija./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA
The Quebracho and Cóndor Natural Reserve in the Laderas Mountain Range is located in the department of Tarija./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA

Méndez also mentions that the location of this area—in the transition between the inter-Andean valleys, which are dry and semi-arid ecosystems, and the Tucumán-Bolivian forest—makes it an interesting area from an ecological perspective, since it could mean the presence of between 200 and 300 species of birds.

“There is an important diversity in a relatively untouched place, where there are also mammals such as the taruca, the Andean deer, which are highly threatened by hunting,” he says.

Renzo Paladines, director of Nature Conservation and International Culture (NCI), comments that from a purely biological perspective this protected area “is small for a species that can travel 100 kilometers daily.”

However, Paladines considers that the Quebracho and Cóndor Natural Reserve in the Laderas Mountain Range has symbolism, because it was an immediate response to an environmental tragedy. “That 34 condors die from poisoning from eating a single animal carcass is terrible. If we consider that in Colombia there are only 60 condors, then here in Bolivia practically half of the condor population of Colombia died or a third of the condor population of Ecuador died. A tragedy”.

For Paladines, in addition, the commitment of the population of Laderas Norte in the creation of the protected area is a guarantee for the conservation of the area. In addition, there is the possibility that the expansion of the area will take place.

“That is the new goal, to create the complete area, which was initially 57,000 hectares,” adds the director of NCI, an organization that accompanied the entire process of creating the reserve.

La nueva área protegida tiene más de 3.000 hectáreas de extensión./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA
The new protected area is more than 3,000 hectares long./ FUNDACIÓN NATIVA

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