By Windsor Hernani, Vision 360:

The Appointment of Ambassadors Is Only an Aspirin for a Terminal Cancer

Nine months have passed without the appointment of new ambassadors. This has triggered a wave of criticism. Journalists, lawmakers, analysts, and public opinion have all questioned this inaction.

To assess the situation, let us examine the state of Bolivia’s embassies, setting aside consulates, whose nature and functions are different.

Information available on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (https://cancilleria.gob.bo/mre/recursos-humanos) shows that Bolivia has 36 diplomatic representations and permanent missions.

Seven representations (22%) have no diplomatic personnel at all. They are managed by a deputy administrative officer or a secretary. These are Germany, Canada, Colombia, the United States, Sweden, Venezuela, and UNESCO. Four embassies (11%) have two diplomats: Brazil, Belgium, Ecuador, and Peru. The remaining twenty-five representations (67%) have only one diplomat.

Considering that the Vienna Convention assigns diplomatic missions the functions of representation, negotiation, protection of state interests, and the promotion of economic, cultural, and scientific relations, it is difficult to argue that a structure composed of a single diplomat can simultaneously and effectively fulfill all these responsibilities—especially when those individuals are not career diplomats.

It is striking that among these representations are countries and organizations of particular importance to Bolivia’s international relations, such as Argentina, Austria (host to the European Union), Switzerland (host to the UN Human Rights Council and the WTO), Uruguay (host to ALADI and the Permanent Secretariat of MERCOSUR), France, Spain, the OAS, and the UN.

Even more troubling—and almost unbelievable—is the fact that seven representations have no diplomats at all. This sends an inappropriate signal that could even be interpreted as an unfriendly gesture.

In diplomacy, there is a practice known as a “recall for consultations.” It is a form of protest through which a state temporarily withdraws its head of mission in response to conduct considered improper or inconvenient.

In practice, Bolivia’s Foreign Ministry has implicitly recalled all diplomats from these seven representations, leaving the management of the embassies in the hands of administrative personnel.

Since there is no diplomat available to assume the role of chargé d’affaires ad interim, the position of “office manager” has been created, allowing a deputy administrative officer or secretary to assume representation of the embassy.

The imaginative position of “acting office manager” is not contemplated in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It is, quite simply, absurd.

By analogy, it is as if a military unit were left under the command of an administrative clerk or a secretary. The fact that a military unit would not even have a second lieutenant in its ranks sounds like something out of Ripley’s Believe It or Not!

Strictly speaking, the Vienna Convention provides that, in the absence of diplomatic personnel, an administrative official may only handle the mission’s routine administrative matters, and only with the consent of the receiving state. Diplomatic functions, therefore, remain unfulfilled.

It is regrettable to see Bolivia’s Foreign Service in such a degraded condition; even more regrettable is the fact that no corrective measures have been adopted in nine months. Lawmakers also bear responsibility, as they have the constitutional duty to exercise oversight.

The announcement of the appointment of fifteen ambassadors is, from a political standpoint, a necessary but insufficient measure. Ambassadors are the visible expression of foreign policy, but they do not by themselves constitute the Foreign Service.

It is argued that the delay stems from the search for candidates whose profiles match the functions they will perform. I fear that the opposite is true. The position will end up being tailored to fit the individual. It is highly likely that those appointed will be friends or associates of those in power, because the post of ambassador is always attractive to those who orbit around political influence.

In reality, the profile of an ambassador or diplomatic officer is already well defined. It includes knowledge of international law, international economics, international politics, and other disciplines that can be summarized in a single word: multidisciplinarity. Added to this are skills such as negotiation, protocol, and representation, as well as experience within the Foreign Ministry.

That is the profile required to properly fulfill the functions established by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which were agreed upon by experts from multiple states. There is nothing new to invent.

For this reason, all countries have diplomatic academies that select professionals and train them in a multidisciplinary body of knowledge. Thanks to this preparation, an ambassador may one day be negotiating market access or investment opportunities; the next day participating in a conference on security, defense, or the environment; simultaneously handling judicial cooperation matters such as an extradition request; or overseeing the organization of an official visit by a head of state in accordance with the protocol standards appropriate to that office.

For the sake of efficiency, dignity, and the country’s image, meritocracy should be respected. Virtually all states do so. As an example, it is worth noting that South American countries—with only one exception—have accredited career ambassadors to Bolivia. Would it not be prudent to heed that signal and, in reciprocity, do the same?

The partial appointment of fifteen ambassadors will not resolve the Foreign Service’s crisis. It is merely an aspirin for a terminal illness and, depending on who is appointed, could even accelerate the unfortunate outcome.

The strength of modern diplomacy depends on permanent institutions, a consolidated professional career service, and the proper allocation of human resources.

During the last electoral period, all candidates—including MAS candidates and their allies—acknowledged the deterioration of the Foreign Service and promised its reinstitutionalization. They were words, merely words, carried away by the wind.

Windsor Hernani Limarino is a diplomat, economist, and university lecturer.

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