Gold and Water | El oro y el agua

Editorial, El Pais:

Behind these illegal mining activities there is planning, financing, and a chain of interests that can hardly be described as spontaneous.

The discovery of new illegal mining camps in the highlands of Tarija is not an isolated incident. It confirms that a clandestine activity is beginning to take root, taking advantage of the limited presence of the State, weak oversight, and the rising value of gold on international markets. What today appears as a series of interventions by the AJAM could tomorrow become a structural problem if decisive action is not taken.

The images seen in recent days are revealing. These are not a few artisanal prospectors working improvised operations. They are organized camps, with dozens of people, heavy machinery, motor pumps, fuel, vehicles, and enough logistics to operate for long periods. Behind these activities there is planning, financing, and a chain of interests that can hardly be described as spontaneous.

Mining can be part of development, but never outside the law. When illegal extraction puts water sources at risk, what is at stake is no longer a mineral: it is the future of an entire region

Even more concerning is that these operations are being established without mining rights, outside any authorization process, and, according to inspection teams themselves, even intimidating officials responsible for enforcing the law. When the State loses the ability to exercise authority over its territory, the issue ceases to be merely environmental and also becomes an institutional challenge.

Tarija possesses an enormous natural heritage that is one of its greatest assets for the future. Its upper watershed, rivers, and groundwater recharge zones supply water to thousands of families, support agricultural production, and maintain the balance of particularly fragile ecosystems. Allowing uncontrolled extractive activities in these areas means putting at risk a resource far more valuable than any mineral: water.

The experience of other regions in the country should serve as a warning. Wherever illegal mining takes hold, mercury contamination, river course alterations, deforestation, social conflicts, and an informal economy that overwhelms institutional response capacities soon follow. Repairing such damage is infinitely more costly than preventing it.

This does not mean closing the door to all mining activity. Bolivia is a mining country, and Tarija also has geological potential that deserves to be studied and, when appropriate, developed. But there is a fundamental difference between developing mining and tolerating illegal mining. The former requires planning, environmental permits, transparent consultation, technical oversight, and social responsibility. The latter leaves only uncertainty, pollution, and conflict.

The repeated complaints of mayors, communities, and local authorities cannot continue to fall on deaf ears. Nor should it become normal for authorizations or administrative processes to be handled from offices far removed from territorial realities. Regions must actively participate in decisions affecting their natural resources, especially when water sources and productive activities are at stake.

In this context, the regulation of the Departmental Mining Activity Law must also be accelerated. A law without regulations is an incomplete tool. Tarija needs a clear framework that enables coordination among the Governor’s Office, municipalities, the AJAM, communities, and environmental agencies to prevent, control, and sanction irregular activities before they expand.

Environmental protection cannot be reduced to sporadic operations or official statements issued after each intervention. It requires a permanent State presence, intelligence efforts to identify illegal networks, and a public policy that combines economic development with the protection of strategic resources.

Gold can generate wealth. Water sustains life. Between the two, there should be no doubt about which deserves greater protection. Tarija still has time to prevent illegal mining from writing a story that other regions of the country know all too well.

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