Remembering Santa Cruz’s Independence | Recordando la independencia de Santa Cruz

By Manfredo Kempff, El Diario:

Our Brief Independence

Nine years had passed since the head of the great Argentine Ignacio Warnes had been severed by the edge of the sword of the “ferocious” brigadier Francisco Xavier de Aguilera when, at last, Santa Cruz became free and independent. At dusk on February 14, 1825, Colonel José Manuel Mercado, the “Colorao,” entered the city, followed by some loyal survivors of the Battle of El Pari and by a hundred montoneros, almost all Chiriguanos.

Aguilera had abandoned Santa Cruz and was involved in other conflicts created among the royalist armies themselves. The “Colorao,” who had always roamed the outskirts of the city and had sometimes entered firing shots and feeling the snort of his exhausted animal, this time remained master of the situation.

In the Plaza de la Concordia, Mercado was proclaimed, amid enthusiastic voices, as Governor of Santa Cruz (of that immense territory that stretched from the Chaco to Acre and far beyond) and, moreover, in a Cabildo the independence of Santa Cruz from the Bourbon Crown was declared. After 15 years of merciless struggle that had left as an offering the mutilated body of Colonel Warnes and the death of hundreds of cruceño soldiers.

In that February, when in Charcas Sucre and the victorious generals of Junín and Ayacucho met with the skillful and cunning doctors of Charcas, Bolivia did not yet exist. For almost six months Santa Cruz obeyed only its Governor appointed by President Sucre. Then those who ruled the territory called Upper Peru, and therefore Santa Cruz, were the victors of the Liberating Army, the chiefs who accompanied Bolívar and Sucre in their long campaigns.

Perhaps Sucre never came to learn that El Pari was, according to important historians, the bloodiest battle in all the territory of what is today Bolivia. Perhaps he ignored that, in Florida, in 1814, just a few leagues from Santa Cruz, Arenales and Warnes defeated the army of Colonel Blanco, and that defeat, without being as bloody as El Pari, was of such magnitude that it stopped the intention of the King’s Army to march toward Buenos Aires and finish off the Junta of 1810 and everything else. The victory of Florida produced jubilation among the people of the Río de la Plata, but it was not important enough to impress the Colombian armies and their commanders, occupied only with their own “greatnesses and miseries.”

Despite the fact that in the Battle of El Pari the patriots lost their chief and that their army was shattered, with the inevitable dispersal of their troops, Mercado assumed command of what little remained under arms and took control of a large part of what is now the Cordillera province, centered on the old fort of Saipurú. Always struck by Aguilera’s veteran warriors, the “Colorao” returned the blows by appearing suddenly on the roads or in the towns near Santa Cruz, making it clear that the patriot force existed and that it would not cease fighting until independence was achieved.

After occupying the cruceño capital, the “Colorao” believed that his purpose of a liberated Santa Cruz, as would surely happen with Charcas and La Paz, was near. However, the first thing the Liberating Army did was appoint another Governor, and then another and another, who now obeyed Marshal Sucre. There ended the aspiration of an independent Santa Cruz, and immense Bolivia arose, from the Chaco to beyond Acre, with 400 kilometers of coastline on the Pacific, which, initially bearing the name of the Liberator—although poorly loved by him—turned out to be a mixture of geography, races, languages, and customs; an implant between the viceroyalties of Lima and Buenos Aires, extending across an unprotected territory because it was sparsely populated. For that reason, each neighbor of that graft, which produced rejection, took a part.

The hot plain crossed by great rivers, antonym of the high plateau and the imposing snow-covered mountains, became integrated into the Republic created in Charcas, because among the cruceños of that time division and hatred prevailed. Two great warriors, such as Aguilera and Mercado, both cambas, gave each other no truce in their differences, preventing the war from having an ending that neither of them desired. Santa Cruz passed from submission to Spain to the colonial domination of the new Republic.

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