How a president handled his vice president’s succession ambition | Cómo un presidente manejó la ambición sucesoria de su vicepresidente

By Walter Guevara, Eju.tv:

History is often forgotten. It is no novelty that peoples who forget it are condemned to repeat it. Perhaps that is why, for many young people, reminding them of history feels like revealing a secret. And for many older people, it is as if one were committing an indiscretion.

This small story ended with a tremendous beating of Vice President Juan Lechín Oquendo in 1964, which was the last year of the four-year term served by President Víctor Paz Estenssoro along with his vice president. From the beginning of this period, in 1960, Vice President Lechín had attempted to split power halfway with President Paz Estenssoro.

Paz Estenssoro knew this tactic of Lechín very well. He had practiced it when he was his minister during his first term from 1952 to 1956. At the same time that he was minister of mines, he was the “maximum leader of Bolivia’s mining workers.” He mounted a savage opposition from within the cabinet and from the mines.

His claim to share power was based on the fact that he helped the Paz-Lechín ticket win the 1960 election with broad labor support. In that same year, shortly before accepting to be the candidate for the vice presidency, Lechín was already certain that what corresponded to him was to be the presidential candidate.

Paz Estenssoro placated him by offering that he be his candidate for the vice presidency. He convinced him with the offer that he would support him to become the next president starting in 1964, once his four-year vice-presidential term was completed.

The four main chiefs of the April 9, 1952 Revolution, led since 1941 by the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), had agreed that they would take turns in the presidency. At least two of them, Lechín and Guevara, came to believe that this rotation would be fulfilled.

Paz Estenssoro was the first president of this revolutionary process. He completed his first four-year term from 1952 to 1956. Although he had the political strength to impose his presidency for another four years, Paz Estenssoro did not run for re-election.

At that time there was no constitutional rule prohibiting immediate re-election. All previous constitutions had been de facto abolished by the revolutionary process. Paz Estenssoro handed the presidency over to Hernán Siles Zuazo, who completed his term from 1956 to 1960.

In that transition, for the only time, the fact prevailed that the four revolutionary leaders were aware of the need to institutionalize the revolutionary process, preventing it from falling into the hands of populist caudillos. Rotation was the mechanism that gave institutional life to the revolutionary process.

They learned this lesson from the Mexican Revolution. When one of its leaders attempted to force his re-election, the others let him know that they had already drawn lots to decide which of them would be in charge of assassinating him. Very much in the Mexican style, not a single re-election was tolerated, even to this day.

By forcing his presidential candidacy for a second time in 1960, Paz Estenssoro destroyed the institutional rotating plan. He sidelined Lechín, but made him vice president. He also sidelined Walter Guevara Arze, who left the MNR and ran as a presidential candidate with the MNR faction that supported him in that campaign. Later, Lechín organized his own faction of the MNR.

The great mass party that carried out the National Revolution fragmented forever.

Shortly after being elected president in 1960, Paz Estenssoro took measures to control his vice president Juan Lechín Oquendo. He convinced him that he could shine as ambassador in Italy. He counted on the support of Lechín’s beautiful wife, who preferred to shine in Rome rather than be the wife of a second-tier vice president in La Paz.

According to a witness who was present at that meeting, Paz Estenssoro told Lechín that in Rome he could hire great architects to remodel the Palacio Quemado. Subtly, he hinted that he would support him to be his successor in the presidency starting in 1964.

Lechín requested leave from the vice presidency and went to Italy as ambassador. While Lechín lived happily and carefree in Rome with his wife, Paz Estenssoro made the decision to present himself on his own as a candidate for immediate re-election starting in 1964.

When Lechín returned from Italy, he learned that Paz Estenssoro had decided to be the presidential candidate despite his offer that he would support his candidacy and despite the supposed rotating agreement of the four MNR chiefs.

Upon resuming his vice presidency for a short time after Paz Estenssoro’s forced re-election, Lechín had to accept that he had been deceived. Extremely upset, he spoke within his circle that he would publicly denounce Paz Estenssoro’s failures to fulfill his promises.

He would oppose Paz Estenssoro receiving the presidential medal for a forced third term from 1964 to 1968. Lechín could not carry out his imprudent threat. He received a tremendous beating that sent him to the hospital until after Paz Estenssoro’s inauguration.

To neutralize the foreseeable labor and popular opposition that could be mounted from the sidelines by a fiercely scorned Lechín and by the urban and rural sectors that supported Walter Guevara Arze, Paz Estenssoro chose as his running mate for the 1964–1968 term a military man who had every trait of being a strong-handed caudillo.

General René Barrientos Ortuño spoke perfect Quechua, was a good orator, extremely brave, and highly ambitious. Confident that he could count on the support of the Armed Forces, he accepted the role of repressor, even though that was neither a function nor an attribution of the vice presidency.

He accepted it knowing, like the rest of the country, that this immediate re-election of Paz Estenssoro violated the constitution approved by Paz Estenssoro himself in 1961.

In his mordant satire titled “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” Karl Marx says that history repeats itself, but that what happens the first time as tragedy repeats later as farce. He was referring to the presidency of Louis, the nephew of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who took the presidency of France with the support of the high bourgeoisie and repressed the labor and revolutionary movement.

A few months after having begun his abusive third term, President Paz Estenssoro was overthrown by a military coup led by none other than his own vice president. It occurred on November 4, 1964. General René Barrientos Ortuño remained as president until his death in a helicopter accident on April 27, 1969.

With this military coup the institutional momentum of the National Revolution, stalled from the beginning by Paz Estenssoro’s ambition, was definitively blocked. The military remained in power more or less uninterruptedly until October 10, 1982, when Hernán Siles Zuazo assumed the presidency for the second time after winning the 1980 elections.

The lessons of history are difficult to apply because circumstances change. They cannot be applied mechanically to a new time. Nor can they be ignored without running the risk of repeating their mistakes.

Events of the past are not in themselves a reliable compass for managing the present. To determine what must be done in the current circumstances, it is essential to have sensible and balanced judgment. Only in that way can one avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.

What is perfectly clear is that an oppositional vice president within the government cannot be tolerated. It is preferable to find the best way to send him to make opposition from the sidelines.

por Patricia Cadena

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