Between the Leader and the Caudillo | Entre el líder o el caudillo

By Renzo Abruzzese, Brujula Digital:

This Sunday, October 19, in Bolivia, we are not just electing a President; we are facing a dilemma that concerns the political horizon of the next decade. A superficial analysis might conclude that the differences are minor. After all, both sail the familiar waters of capitalism as the only response to the crisis.

However, this apparent convergence is an illusion that conceals the true abyss separating them: a diametrically opposed conception of the very nature of power. The choice, therefore, is not between two economic models, but between two ways of wielding power — the one that offers the certainty of institutional democracy or the temptation of plebiscitary populism.

The common ground between both candidacies is, paradoxically, the very starting point of their divergence. Both Quiroga and Paz have made it clear that they do not intend to alter the foundations of the economic system. Their plans to confront the crisis, presented with different nuances and emphases, draw from the orthodox playbook: fiscal discipline, incentives for private investment, elimination of unprofitable public enterprises, constitutional reform, institutional reforms — such as in the Police and Customs — and a more determined trade liberalization, among others.

The only point of difference lies in the source of the resources needed to address the crisis. For Quiroga, they come from abroad (World Bank, IMF, etc.); for Rodríguez, they are financed within the national economy. Yet, in their speeches, there is not a single proposal that suggests a structural change.

Everything takes place within capitalism, and nothing outside it. This feature of the economic debate, far from making the choice easier, magnifies the importance of the political dimension. Thus, unable to differentiate themselves through their economic projects for the country, citizens are forced to choose based on the kind of power each one seeks to exercise.

Everything indicates that Tuto Quiroga’s promise is not one of charismatic transformation, but rather of sober governance, grounded in the law and in the checks and balances that democracy itself establishes. Moreover, his political career is presented as proof of his commitment to limited, dialoguing power that is, ultimately, subject to the rule of law — above the will of the ruler. His vision is clear: a State where institutions are stronger than the man who presides over them.

On the opposite side, Rodrigo Paz’s project is built on a radically different logic. His campaign, vibrant and emotional in tone, seems designed to evoke the populism many believed to have been overcome after the MAS era. Instead of appealing to institutionalism, the Paz–Lara discourse seeks to establish a direct, almost mystical connection with a “people” dissatisfied with the “same old elites.”

We are witnessing a rhetoric that, while not identical, shares with Evo Morales’ model a distrust of institutional mediations — such as justice or the press — portraying them as obstacles to the true popular will that only the leader can interpret and execute.

His alliances, more heterogeneous and pragmatic, suggest a movement built around Lara’s figure rather than that of Paz Pereira, and around a personality rather than a solid program or party structure.

The promise perceived is not that of the administrator, but that of the caudillo — a concentrated power that, in the name of the people, might feel legitimized to place itself above the law.

On October 19, Bolivia faces a decision that transcends the names of Tuto Quiroga and Rodrigo Paz. The convergence of their economic plans has revealed the true underlying battle: a struggle between democracy and populism with a new face.

This is not just another election; in reality, we must choose between the democratic leader and the populist caudillo — keeping in mind that we have already been burned by populism.

Renzo Abruzzese is a sociologist.

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