A Nobel to Reinvent Bolivia | Un Nobel para reinventar Bolivia

By Bolivian Thoughts:

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economics and the Hope for a New Direction in Bolivia

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt — three economists who have dedicated their lives to understanding why some societies manage to progress while others remain trapped in stagnation. In essence, their work shows that the engine of development lies not in natural resources or the luck of international prices, but in the ability of societies to innovate, create knowledge, and move beyond what no longer works.

Mokyr, an economic historian, explains that countries grow when scientific curiosity and practical knowledge become part of the culture. In other words, when people are free to experiment, invent, and make mistakes without fear — and when the state and institutions accompany that process instead of blocking it.
Aghion and Howitt, on the other hand, developed a modern theory of “creative destruction,” an idea inherited from Joseph Schumpeter: progress occurs when new ideas replace old ones, when more productive firms emerge, and inefficient ones disappear. That process causes discomfort — because it implies change, loss, and competition — but it is also the path toward sustainable growth and greater opportunities.

The lesson for Bolivia

Bolivia is currently facing a serious economic crisis, marked by a shortage of dollars, declining gas production, growing public debt, and a widespread sense of stagnation. The Bolivian economy, which seemed solid during the gas boom years, now faces the harsh reality of having bet too heavily on natural resources and far too little on knowledge, technology, and innovation.

The Nobel laureates’ ideas are not magic formulas, but they do offer a powerful conceptual map to understand what we are missing. Mokyr, Aghion, and Howitt — each in their own field — remind us that the key to development lies in freeing the forces of talent and innovation, not in controlling or trapping them under political regulations.

Bolivia has an abundance of creativity and determination, yet most of our young people and innovators face a wall of bureaucratic obstacles, political instability, and lack of credit. Meanwhile, the state apparatus continues to protect activities that no longer generate value — that survive on subsidies or past glories. According to the theory of “creative destruction,” an economy cannot advance if the old does not give way to the new. This does not mean abandoning anyone; it means accompanying change with training, opportunities, and social support for those who must adapt.

What the new government should do

A new government, if it truly intends to rebuild the Bolivian economy, could draw inspiration from four principles derived from the Nobel work:

Open space for innovation.
The state must stop suffocating the productive sector with unnecessary paperwork and controls. Instead of persecuting small business owners or informal innovators, it should make their formalization easier. Accessible credit programs, support for digitalization, and simpler licensing processes can unleash productive energy. The goal is not to give away money, but to allow ideas to thrive.

Accept change and prepare for transition.
Some state-owned companies, unproductive projects, and unsustainable subsidies will need to be restructured or shut down. That is painful but unavoidable. The key is to ensure no one is left behind: the government must offer job retraining programs, modern technical education, and new opportunities for sectors that lose their sources of income. The goal is transformation, not destruction.

Invest in knowledge and talent.
If Mokyr taught us anything, it’s that progress begins in the mind. Bolivia must seriously invest in scientific, technological, and technical education — but with a practical vision. Universities should partner with businesses, students should be able to develop real-world projects, and researchers must receive support without political favoritism. Without this step, we will continue exporting raw materials and importing knowledge.

Institutions that don’t block change.
Innovation can only flourish if the rules of the game are clear and stable. We need institutions that protect competition, prevent monopolies, respect contracts, and guarantee legal security. Without trust, no entrepreneur invests — and without investment, there is no innovation.

The mindset change Bolivia needs

The deepest lesson from the 2025 Nobel is not economic, but cultural. Mokyr insists that true progress is born when a society values knowledge more than easy income. Aghion and Howitt show that without competition, risk, and openness to change, innovation withers.

Bolivia can overcome this crisis if it abandons its fear of change and stops depending on a paternalistic state that promises to solve everything. The state must be a partner in development, not its owner. We need policies that encourage private initiative, youth creativity, local entrepreneurship, and technology adoption.

Market vendors, rural producers, small business owners, and young entrepreneurs must become the protagonists of the new model — not the victims of the old one. A country that values innovation is one that learns from its mistakes, rewards effort, and is not afraid to replace inefficiency with improvement.

A historic opportunity

The next government has a unique opportunity: to rebuild the economy on the foundations of knowledge, innovation, and productivity, instead of repeating the mistakes of extractivism. The ideas of the 2025 Nobel laureates are not ready-made recipes, but a clear reminder: no country emerges from crisis through speeches, but through real change supported by science, technology, and the freedom to create.

Bolivia already has the talent. What’s missing is a government that understands that progress cannot be decreed — it must be cultivated, taught, and protected. If we take that path, the country can look to the future with hope, not nostalgia.

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