The Deed of Warnes That Shaped a New Country | La gesta de Warnes que hizo un nuevo país

By Mauricio Quiroz, El Deber:

Historical Protagonists of Freedom: 

Monumento a Ignacio Warnes /Foto: EL DEBER

Monument to Ignacio Warnes
Ignacio Warnes not only fought with weapons; he knew how to use words to ignite patriotism / Photo: EL DEBER

Dozens of men and women fought for independence in these lands for 15 long years.

On September 24, 1810, Santa Cruz entered a new chapter in history. That day, Antonio Vicente Seoane, a Creole educated in Chuquisaca and bearer of the ideas of popular sovereignty, together with Colonel Antonio Suárez, led a crowd to the Cabildo. There, with the support of Mayor Francisco Javier de Cuéllar and councilmen José Joaquín Aponte and José Vicente Arias, they rejected the authority of interim governor Pedro Toledo Pimentel and formed a Government Junta. Seoane assumed the presidency and Suárez took military command. It was the first cry for freedom in Santa Cruz.

The experience was short-lived. After the patriot defeat at Huaqui (1811), the royalists regained control. But the seed had been planted: Santa Cruz would never again be indifferent to the cause of emancipation.

In 1813, with the second auxiliary expedition to Upper Peru, General Manuel Belgrano appointed Colonel Ignacio Warnes governor of Santa Cruz. Young, bold, and fiery in speech, Warnes reorganized the militias and gave prominence to the Battalion of Pardos Libres. His leadership was so strong that Dámaso de Uriburu declared: “he is the most respectable enemy the royalists had in these provinces.”

Warnes not only fought with weapons; he knew how to use words to inflame patriotism. “Cruceños, to victory or to die with glory!” he proclaimed before the decisive Battle of El Pari. On November 21, 1816, against 1,600 royalists led by Brigadier Francisco Javier de Aguilera —the “Fierce” Aguilera— around 1,200 men under Warnes —young Creoles, artisans, Indigenous, and mulattos— fought in a brutal clash. The battle lasted more than seven hours and left over 3,000 dead on both sides. Warnes fell mortally wounded, trapped under his horse and finished off with a bayonet. Aguilera, though proclaiming victory, was so weakened he could not march on Tucumán, indirectly securing Argentine independence, declared just months earlier. For the people of Santa Cruz, El Pari was the heroic self-sacrifice of an entire generation.

After Warnes’s death, José Manuel Mercado, nicknamed “Colorao” for his hair, assumed command. A loyal lieutenant of Warnes, he continued the resistance from the jungles of Saipurú and Cordillera, keeping the rebellious spirit alive through guerrilla warfare. His name became associated with perseverance, refusing to surrender despite adversity.

The following years were marked by the shifting control between patriots and royalists. Yet the legacy of Seoane, Warnes, and Mercado consolidated Santa Cruz as a bastion of dignity and sacrifice in the long war (1809–1825).

Historian Gabriel René Moreno stated that the Battle of El Pari was “Santa Cruz’s greatest contribution to South American independence.” And as Humberto Vásquez Machicado emphasized, September 24, 1810, was not just a local act, but part of a continental struggle linking Santa Cruz’s fate to America’s emancipation.

The sacrifice of Warnes and the resistance of “Colorao” Mercado made Santa Cruz a symbol of total devotion to freedom.

Un grabado de la Batalla del Pari /Foto: Ricardo Montero

An engraving of the Battle of El Pari /Photo: Ricardo Montero

A Plan for Santa Cruz

The mission. In 1825, the Municipality of Santa Cruz gave its deputies 21 instructions for the Deliberative Assembly.

Vision of country. They proposed a democratic republic with free vote, separation of powers, and the defense of Cruceño territory.

Provisions. In the economy, they promoted free trade, roads to Brazil and Paraguay, industry, mining, and the abolition of colonial taxes and monopolies.

Rights. Socially, they demanded equal rights without ethnic distinction, elimination of the Indigenous tribute, and universal education: schools, university, and trades. They also called for strengthening justice, improving prisons, and recovering Cathedral funds. These directives laid the foundations of the Cruceño Project.

Battle. The September 24 uprising marked the beginning of the region’s greatest struggle for freedom and culminated in the Battle of El Pari.

The deed of Ana Barba. After Ignacio Warnes’s death at El Pari, his head was displayed in the plaza by Aguilera’s order. Cruceña Ana Barba recovered the skull, hiding it for nine years. Upon seeing it, she uttered the phrase that immortalized her: “Rest here, my dear godfather, until the homeland is liberated.”

Texts for review
Sanabria Fernández, H. Historia de Bolivia (1942).
Vásquez Machicado, H. Historia de la independencia en Santa Cruz (1988).
Abastoflor, J. (interviews and works on Charcas and independence).

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