Scientific research in the Bicentenary | La investigación científica en el Bicentenario

By Francesco Zaratti:

Korea, an example of accelerated development, allocates 4.81% of its GDP to scientific research (R+D); 30 times more than Bolivia, seven times more than the average for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and more than double the world average. With these numbers, it is not surprising that R+D in Bolivia is still in its infancy, and that Latin America and the Caribbean contribute only 4.7% of the world’s scientific publications.

While R+D is expensive, money is not everything. To achieve successful results, you need: a relevant line of research, a “critical mass” of researchers, and sufficient public and private funding.

Bolivia has economic limitations to invest in scientific research and lacks research “schools” to create, maintain and increase this critical mass of researchers, especially young people. For this reason, the Bicentenary of Independence forces us to reflect on this issue and to find solutions that, if we stick to the electoral programs, do not seem to be of great importance.

 The experience of the last 100 years (in the nineteenth century research was almost non-existent, as in all of Latin America and the Caribbean) provides us with some guidelines for reorienting R+D in Bolivia.

As an example, I’ll mention lessons learned from a couple of successful initiatives in the areas I know best (there are others, of course).

In 1913, on the initiative of the Jesuit Pierre-Marie Descotes, the Seismological Observatory of San Calixto (OSC) was created, whose first contribution was to accurately recalculate the geographical coordinates of La Paz. The OSC continues to contribute valuable scientific contributions and educate the population on how to react to seismic events. The critical mass is given by a group of young researchers who have specialized with commitment, even abroad. The resources come from international cooperation (UN and France). We have an issue, a growing critical mass and sufficient resources. Moreover, such an institution has had only six titular directors in 112 years, compared to the 16 interim presidents of the state hydrocarbons company (YPFB) in the last 20 years. Institutionality matters!

In the 40s of the twentieth century, Mount Chacaltaya (more than 5300 m above sea level and a couple of hours from La Paz) became important for the detection of Cosmic Rays. The pion (a nuclear particle predicted by Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa in the 1930s) was “photographed” and the director of the project, the Englishman Cécile F. Powell, received the Nobel Prize in 1950, a year after Yukawa.

What seemed like a simple geographical advantage soon became the engine of scientific research in Bolivia. The Chacaltaya Cosmic Ray Laboratory was the germ of the Faculty of Pure and Natural Sciences of the UMSA, which today houses the country’s main research institutes and laboratories. An example that R+D can be carried out in Bolivia.

From that experience I recovered the concept of “natural laboratory”, as a local counterpart of international scientific collaboration, necessary to train young scientists and receive contributions in equipment and skills. With this vision, the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics was founded and developed, which today has a critical mass of young researchers who ensure quality and continuity to the “horizontal” scientific cooperation (i.e., without the intervention of government bureaucracies) of prestigious institutes all over the world, also providing a service to the country.

In short, the R+D of the Bicentenary needs: natural laboratories (which Bolivia has in different fields of knowledge) and horizontal scientific cooperation that only asks for continuity, seriousness and security in return.

https://fzaratti.blog/en/2025/07/31/scientific-research-in-the-bicentenary/

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