UNIVERSAL VALUES: FREEDOM? | VALORES UNIVERSALES: ¿LA LIBERTAD?

By Oscar Antezana:

It seems the world—cultures and societies—is changing faster and faster. Definitions or degrees of acceptance of freedom, solidarity, democracy, respect, equity, and security, among others, are not the same as they were, at least, 40–50 years ago.

For Western countries, in general, freedom is a universal right—if not the primary one; but this is not necessarily the case for the rest of the world. Democracy was born in Greece and took on its modern form in England, later to be perfected in the U.S. Freedom is essential in a liberal democracy. That is changing, because the exercise of freedom in “democratic” nations such as Bolivia, El Salvador, and Venezuela—recently including Argentina and the U.S.—is being overshadowed by the absence of full rule of law, as is expected in a liberal democracy where, among other things, the three branches of government are independent and the press is neither intimidated nor silenced.

In other societies, security takes priority over freedom and, therefore, the role of the state is indispensable. This also has historical and cultural roots. Thousands of years ago, the Chinese emperor held supreme power and was morally bound to be compassionate. Dynasties ruled for hundreds of years with an emperor at the helm. The state exercises leadership, and senior government officials are perceived as leaders, intellectuals, and teachers. Clearly, meritocracy is deeply rooted. According to the World Values Survey, 95% of Chinese people value security over freedom, compared to 28% of Americans. About 95% trust their government, compared to 33% in the U.S. and 45% globally, on average. Sacrificing for the common good is a practice in accordance with their values—it is neither good nor bad—it is cultural, different, and accepted. Russia’s history, marked by invasions (Vikings, Tatars/Mongols, Napoleon’s French) and conflicts, has contributed to a certain paranoia and need for national security and a strong state presence. In Russia and other countries, there is a sense—manipulated or not by rulers—of external threats and internal disorder (e.g., ethnic, racial, religious) that pushes people to seek refuge in family, racial, or national groups, while tradition and organized religion simultaneously offer them comfort. More than 72% of Russians value security more than freedom.

This is one way to view the failed attempts by the U.S. to establish democracy in Iraq and Afghanistan. The importance of these peoples’ histories and cultural values was underestimated. I was in both countries and could see that, for the most part, security and stability take precedence over freedom and individual achievement, especially among the middle and lower-income populations. The fledgling democracies sparked by the Arab Spring, such as in Tunisia and Egypt, could not provide stability and security and failed to take flight. In Saudi Arabia and the Gulf emirates, there is a genuine social contract between rulers and the ruled. The former provide competent and predictable governance with smooth power transitions; in exchange, the population does not challenge their control of power.

It seems secular and liberal values are no more universal than religious and authoritarian ones. These two sets of values sit at opposing ends and appear to be ways in which people adapt to their circumstances. Values may be shaped by history and culture.

The battle over values would unfold between at least two poles. Are the values promoted by Western democracy truly universal values, or are they values of the Western world promoted during centuries of European imperialism, particularly by England and France? Are they values reinforced and codified after World War II through the creation of the United Nations, when Europe and the U.S. were undisputed powers backed by their technology, knowledge, economic strength, and military power? Chinese leaders argue that “there are no so-called universal Western values.” Dilma Rousseff, former president of Brazil, refers to Western liberalism as “this system of imposed values.” What does this mean for Bolivia? Our history and culture were forged in pre-Incan and later Incan civilizations. During colonial times, Spanish influence—though Western—brought many democratic values that did not match those of England or France; in other words, Spanish institutions were less developed and weaker.

What does the human being desire most? Individual freedom or security? Both are desirable. Personally, the best answer would be to create a context of security based on the rule of law—in other words, within a democracy. In that system, civic values such as respect, hard work, meritocracy, and solidarity could be systematically instilled, among others. But my thinking is conditioned by the culture and history in which I was born and raised; a Chinese or Russian citizen would think differently about values for the same reasons.

Finally, could a temporary restriction of freedom (lasting several years or decades), for example under the Pinochet regime, be acceptable if greater development and well-being are achieved in the long term? But who guarantees that? Just look at Maduro. More recent examples, still with no final verdict: El Salvador and President Bukele, Argentina and President Milei, and the U.S. and President Trump. Salvadorans overwhelmingly chose Bukele—their relative preference was security over freedom. The other two cases are more recent.

The existence of universal values is a philosophical issue; at present, reality seems to suggest that they do not exist at all—everything is relative.

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