The Mass-Man Is Everywhere | El hombre-masa está en todas partes

By Oscar Antezana Malpartida, El Dia:

In his book The Revolt of the Masses (1927), José Ortega y Gasset analyzes how modern society has given rise to the “mass-man,” an individual who enjoys the benefits of civilization without acknowledging the efforts required to bring it into being. This man loses sight of where everything originates. According to Ortega y Gasset, this “mass-man” is characterized by a lack of understanding about the origin of the goods he receives, which makes him an easily manipulated figure. This ignorance, combined with the power of technological media, has made mass manipulation easier than ever.

Ortega also describes the “mass-man” as someone who lacks the ability to generate original ideas and instead merely accepts the ideas presented to him without question. The problem lies in the fact that this individual is unaware of how those ideas have entered his mind, which makes him vulnerable to manipulation. According to Ortega, manipulation becomes easier precisely because the “mass-man” lacks the intellectual tools to recognize when he is being influenced. This results in a society where people blindly follow trends—whether in politics, art, or social customs—without questioning their validity or origin. Because of this, “rhetoric triumphs more than ever.” This could be the social foundation of a cultural battle, with “the triumph of rhetoric” as its most eloquent outcome.

This “rhetoric” has become a powerful tool to manipulate the masses. Today, rhetoric is amplified through the media, especially social networks, allowing messages to reach a massive audience more quickly and effectively. The impact of this rhetoric is reflected in phenomena such as the spread of “fake news” and the manipulation of public opinion. In this sense, the massification of information through media represents a major challenge for society, as it allows distorted ideas to spread rapidly.

According to recent studies, about 50% of internet traffic comes from bots, and over 30% of these bots are dedicated to generating news on social media. This phenomenon, together with the use of artificial intelligence like Chat GPT, has made people lazier when it comes to verifying information. Now, many people simply accept as true whatever appears in their news feeds, without worrying about the source or the accuracy of the information.

This lack of discernment is a serious problem, as it causes people to navigate the internet without questioning what they find, blindly trusting what is presented to them. The massification of information has led many to act without thinking, reinforcing their loyalty to ideas and political groups without truly understanding the facts.

A famous experiment that illustrates how people can be influenced by majority opinion is the study conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s. In this experiment, participants were shown three lines and asked to identify which one most closely resembled a fourth line in length. Although there was a clearly identical line, most participants, influenced by the incorrect responses of others, ended up choosing the wrong option. Only 25% of participants stuck to their own perception.

This phenomenon remains relevant today. In the case of Bolivia, President Evo Morales and other political leaders have repeatedly made statements about the country’s situation, such as the claim that the fuel shortage would be resolved or that Bolivia is undergoing industrialization. Despite the lack of evidence or facts that contradict these claims, a large number of people accept them without question.

Another recent example can be seen in the U.S. According to a survey by The Economist, President Trump’s persistent rhetoric has changed how Republicans perceive their international allies. For instance, the percentage of Republicans who see the European Union as harmful to the U.S. has risen from 17% to 29%, while the perception of Canada as a hostile country has also increased from 12% to 27%. Another example, according to The Wall Street Journal: “The U.S. will now charge a 46% tariff on its exports. However, the simple average tariff in Vietnam is 9.4%, and its weighted average tariff is 5.1%, according to WTO data.” The data, the facts, the reality, are being denied. How, then, will people and nations understand one another?

This phenomenon of manipulation is intensified by the fear of social isolation. Many people prefer to align with the majority—even when they disagree—to avoid the social cost of being seen as out of place. This is reflected in how many people accept and share popular opinions without reflection, either for social convenience or due to an unwillingness to question what is presented to them.

The paradox we face is that while society constantly accuses others of thinking wrongly, the ability to think rationally and factually seems to be losing ground to polarization and media manipulation. The left and the right accuse each other of using fake news and conspiracy theories, while reason and the capacity to analyze reality based on objective facts seem to be a rarity in a world dominated by rhetoric.

Thus, Ortega’s reflection on the mass-man’s lack of awareness and his vulnerability to manipulation remains relevant in a world where social media and the media play an increasingly decisive role in shaping opinions and constructing social reality. I don’t know where sensibility has gone—having innovative ideas based on factual evidence.

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