The Cruceño Bicentennial | El bicentenario cruceño

By William Herrera Áñez, El Deber:

On the bicentennial of the Cruceño people, we want to remember not only 200 years of independence but also their culture and historical roots. The town hall meeting held on September 24, 1810, in the “La Concordia” square decided to rebel against the Spanish Crown and proclaimed Santa Cruz’s independence on February 14, 1825. José Manuel Mercado, nicknamed “El Colorado,” seized the main square of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and declared its independence—an essential event in the emancipation movement that was reaching its end after 15 years. The act was written in the blood of combatants who came from all corners of the region, all sharing the same strong, combative, and libertarian spirit that has always characterized the people of this land.

On this historic and fundamental date for the Cruceños (which will not be a holiday because centralism will not allow it), we must remember that we come from a fusion of races, blending together into the mestizo identity that we proudly embrace. However, due to geographical proximity, Brazilians, Argentinians, and Paraguayans have also influenced the cultural makeup of the department’s inhabitants. From this fusion or amalgamation, the identity of the Cruceño or Camba emerges as an undeniable reality, shaping its culture and regional identity.

Santa Cruz is a place where people from all corners of Bolivia arrive, settle, and, over time, integrate. This is a voluntary process that has not occurred in any other department (El Alto, for example, receives only Andean migration). The convergence of races, cultures, customs, and the tropical climate plays a decisive role in shaping our way of being, living, coexisting, thinking, acting, and even our distinctive way of speaking.

Academic research by Edgar Moreno clarifies that Santa Cruz was historically divided, with its northern part forming the departments of Beni and Pando, where the Mojeño culture is predominant, with its own characteristics but also significant similarities to other indigenous cultures of the Bolivian lowlands (Moreno Rodríguez, Edgar, Andrés Ibáñez y el laberinto boliviano, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Ed. El País, 2012, pp. 15 and following). Along the banks of the Ichilo River, near Puerto Villarroel, Mojeños, Yucarés, and Yukis coexist. Indeed, the Camba culture is spread across the entire Bolivian lowlands, as Cruceños, Benianos, and Pandinos all descend from the same common lineage.

In general, peoples and groups such as the Chanés, Chiquitanos, Guaraníes, Chiriguanos, Guarayos, and Sirionós form the roots of the eastern Bolivian culture. Edgar Moreno also clarified that what emerged from the Chiquitos mountain ranges in 1561 was a unique social entity resulting from the intermingling of Spaniards and indigenous people during the conquest and colonial period. The descendants of the eastern population developed productive activities, ventured into and tamed the jungle, multiplied, and preserved a language and traditions that endure—marked by a distinctive and resilient mestizaje.

This entire process of mixing has forged the alma cruceña—the merging of wills between natives and Spaniards, existing not just since the creation of the department of Santa Cruz but long before. The history of Santa Cruz does not begin on February 26, 1561, with the founding of the city along the Sutós stream.

Ñuflo de Chaves’ dream of “breaking the spell of the jungle” and discovering the riches of El Dorado seems to be materializing today through oil production, mining, and a powerful agro-industrial sector. Santa Cruz has become the meeting point between East and West, between the lowlands and highlands. In reality, it serves as the gateway connecting what were once the Viceroyalties of La Plata and Peru. In the 21st century, Santa Cruz is no longer just the locomotive of economic development; it has also become the national political epicenter, calling for the refoundation of Bolivia.

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