First Women Artists in Bolivia: Pioneers and Trailblazers | Primeras mujeres artistas en Bolivia: precursoras y hacedoras de caminos

By Reynaldo J. González, Opinion:

The earliest names of women artists in Bolivian territory date back to the last quarter of the 19th century, with notable figures such as Teresa Torre Tagle and Julia Sandoval

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, during the colonial era and the early years of the Republic, hundreds of artists worked in what is now Bolivian territory, producing thousands of works for churches and public and private collections.

None of these artists are known to be women, though it cannot be entirely ruled out that unknown female painters or sculptors existed, given the abundance of unsigned works, scant documentation of artistic production during this period, and the presence of a large market for popular religious art from family workshops.

As a result, the earliest names of women artists in Bolivian territory appear in the last quarter of the 19th century. Among them is Teresa Torre Tagle, who, according to historian Mario Chacón, was a painter from Chuquisaca whose works, as noted by an informant, were found in the San Felipe Church in Sucre. Another name is Julia Sandoval, a painter active in the southern region during the same period, of whom only one painting dated 1900 survives. It is very likely that both were amateur painters in a French-inspired cultural context where young women from upper-class families were trained in painting, drawing, music, and poetry.

In this same context, slightly later than the aforementioned women, were the dozens of female students of painter José García Mesa’s Academy of Arts in Cochabamba in the early 20th century. Among them, only the name of prominent writer Adela Zamudio is preserved. According to researchers Michela Pentimalli and Pedro Albornoz, this academy, located on España Street, welcomed male and female students from notable city families, who regularly exhibited their creations in public spaces and social events. These researchers also note that Zamudio eventually opened her own drawing school “for young ladies,” serving as an “introductory course” to her teacher’s academy. This data reflects the gradual integration of women into various areas of local cultural activity.

Among the most remarkable examples from the late 19th and early 20th centuries is Elisa Rocha de Ballivián. She practiced academic painting, focusing on historical and allegorical themes imbued with a strong symbolic and moralistic character. Despite unanimous mention in Bolivian art history, little is known about her: she was born in Cochabamba in 1865 and studied at Chile’s National Academy of Fine Arts under academic painter Pedro Lira Rencoret. Art historians José de Mesa and Teresa Gisbert suggest that upon returning to Bolivia in 1892, she studied with prominent academic painter Zenón Iturralde. Between the 1880s and 1890s, she created several religious works, leaving paintings scattered in Cochabamba churches and other regions, according to researcher Elsa Paredes. In 1905, Rocha established her own art academy in La Paz, the first of its kind managed by a woman in Bolivia’s new government seat, becoming, alongside Zamudio, one of the country’s first art educators. Her name is also linked to her granddaughter, artist María Esther Ballivián, whom she reportedly taught art fundamentals during childhood.

Rocha’s work is represented in official repositories and collections. The National Museum of Art houses the Portrait of Mrs. Esslinder (1897), a remarkable oil painting on opaline glass. The Pedro Domingo Murillo Museum preserves the Allegorical Altar with the Ideal Portrait of Pedro Domingo Murillo (1909) and the Portrait of Pedro Domingo Murillo (1915), both idealized representations of the martyr of La Paz. The Bolivian Coastal Museum owns a portrait of President Hilarión Daza, accompanied by allegorical figures referencing Bolivia’s loss of its coastline. The Antonio Paredes Candía Museum in El Alto holds a presidential portrait of Mariano Ballivián. Rocha also painted The Fool (1912), which, according to Gisbert and Mesa, reflects the modernist trend of including marginalized figures in art and literature. Another notable work is Prometheus (190_), housed in the Legislative Palace, which uses mythological themes to evoke Franz Tamayo’s The Prometheid or the Oceanids, an allegory of Bolivia tethered to its mountains, facing the lost sea.

Rocha was the first Bolivian woman artist to gain public recognition and possibly the country’s first professional artist. Her academic training and talent allowed her to confidently undertake numerous public and official commissions, ensuring her name endures as arguably Bolivia’s first true female artist.

In the early 20th century, other women artists emerged in Bolivia. Essayist Roberto Bustillos, writing in 1925, cites Nieves Molina and María Castaños, though their works are lost, and Julia Meneses, who reportedly created murals abroad but never in Bolivia. Researchers Mary Carmen Molina and Fernanda Verdesoto highlight Isaura Nogales, who won a painting competition at La Paz’s Circle of Fine Arts exhibition in 1920.

The founding of La Paz’s National Academy of Fine Arts (ANBA) in 1926 spurred a significant emergence of women artists. Among the first generation of ANBA female students were Marina Núñez del Prado, Rebeca de la Barra, Juanita Landívar, and Yolanda Bedregal, as listed by Núñez del Prado in her 1973 memoirs. This group, Bolivia’s first formally educated female artists, began to exhibit their work and teach at ANBA and secondary schools in the early 1930s. Núñez del Prado stands out as Bolivia’s first female sculpture and art anatomy professor at ANBA, gaining international acclaim for her work in Argentina, the US, and beyond. Another standout was De la Barra, Bolivia’s first female art restorer, who worked in the 1940s on colonial paintings now part of the National Museum of Art.

By the mid-20th century, women had become central to Bolivian art, with internationally recognized figures like María Luisa Pacheco, Inés Córdova, and María Esther Ballivián. The efforts and legacy of earlier trailblazers paved the way for thousands of later Bolivian women artists, whose contributions merit greater recognition and detailed investigation.

Researcher in Arts and Artist

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