The Perplexing Decisions of Hilarión Daza | Las desconcertantes decisiones de Hilarión Daza

By Raúl Rivero, Brújula Digital:

Although he initially considered returning to Bolivia with his most loyal troops to confront the uprising of the population of La Paz, Daza soon had to surrender to the evidence.

Portrait of former President of Bolivia Hilarión Daza (1876–1879). Digital Archive photo.

The figure and conduct of General Hilarión Daza as President of the Republic and captain general of the army during the first months of the ill-fated War of the Pacific continue to provoke controversy to this day.

Here are some notes for the debate surrounding his controversial performance in that conflict, beginning, however, by absolving him of the unfounded claim that he withheld for three days the news of the Chilean invasion of the Litoral, accepting instead the version of Antonio Quijarro — in his Memorandum on the Current State of the War of the Pacific(1881) — which states that the terrible news was only learned, via chasqui messenger, on the night of Tuesday, February 25, and that the national emergency decree was issued the following morning.

Luis Salinas Vega, recalling his interview with Daza in Tacna in May 1879, noted: “Not without a certain satisfaction I saw that General Daza possessed sound judgment and an intelligence far from ordinary. I believed I would be speaking with a clumsy and rough soldier, and I was surprised by the fairness of his observations” (Querejazu, Guano, Salitre y Sangre: 387). Oblitas Fernández (Secret History of the War of the Pacific (1979–1904): 155) states:

“One cannot doubt Hilarión Daza’s good intentions to carry out a sound administration and confront the problem with Chile.” However, Querejazu Calvo [Ibid.: 389] describes him as “simple-minded, though cunning.” For his part, General Eliodoro Camacho repeatedly pointed out that Daza never presented any campaign plan — that is, no strategy for confronting the invading forces.

Once news reached Tacna that the bulk of the Chilean army had landed on November 2, 1879, and seized the Peruvian port of Pisagua, the paralysis that gripped the allied army stationed in that city — where Bolivian President Hilarión Daza had arrived with his troops the previous May — finally came to an end.

But from the moment his march southward was decided, in order to join the Peruvian forces under General Juan Buendía, a series of incomprehensible events followed, lasting until the shameful “Retreat of Camarones.”

First, despite the advice of Peruvian President Mariano Prado that Daza should take no more than 1,000 men — since it would be impossible to supply food and, above all, water for larger forces — he privately told his secretary Rosendo Gutiérrez:

“I will not leave behind a single line soldier. Either I go with my entire army or I stay” (Querejazu: 421), and therefore took 2,000 troops with him. Second, ignoring Peruvian advice that the desert should be crossed at night, Daza replied: “[T]he Bolivian soldier could march entire days, under any conditions, without fatigue” (Querejazu: 421).

Third, instead of water, the soldiers’ canteens were filled with wine, which not only caused disciplinary problems due to drunkenness but further intensified the thirst inherent in advancing under the relentless sun of the burning and desolate route they followed, resulting in the death or desertion of several men. Under those conditions, as one officer later recalled in his memoirs: “The disorder throughout the march was lamentable.”

Even greater bewilderment arises from what Querejazu later records: “Why did he deliberately act against the most elementary principles of logistics and against the very advice he himself had given the soldiers of the Villegas Division when they undertook the same journey six months earlier, telling them: ‘My sons, do not travel during the day but at night; these sands are not like our Bolivian soil, and here the sun is scorching,’ with the added circumstance that the summer sun is even more ‘scorching’ than the winter sun of May?” (Ibid.: 468).

Several versions attempt to explain the reasons — or lack thereof — that led Daza to abandon his initial plan of joining the Peruvian army and confronting Chilean forces near Pisagua. After reviewing the most relevant ones, Roberto Querejazu ventures the following interpretation:

“The examination of all the recorded evidence leads anyone seeking impartiality to believe that the retreat originated in General Daza’s mind even before departing Arica; that the conditions under which he marched the troops to Camarones — in complete disorder, drunk on wine, with water criminally reduced and during the hottest hours of the day — had the sinister and deliberate purpose of destroying their physical capacity, so as to use this as a pretext for being unable to continue; that at the council of war on the 15th (of November), the Captain General, despite his domineering and despotic character, carefully refrained from expressing any opinion in order to evade responsibility, allowing some collaborators — whose judgment he had previously influenced — to declare themselves in favor of retreat; and that although arguments both for and against were presented, the withdrawal order was issued as if it had been the unanimous product of deliberation” (Ibid.: 426).

By contrast, Oblitas attributes Daza’s conduct to the consequence of “two sinister conspiracies”: Aniceto Arce’s desire to remove him from power in order later to negotiate with Chile, and Peruvian bad faith — Prado allegedly wishing at all costs to prevent Daza’s presence at San Francisco “out of rivalry and jealousy.”

Amid so many uncertainties, Querejazu offers this grave conclusion: “However much one searches for further explanations, only one is found capable of answering such a grave and extensive questionnaire. Only one that fully joins all the pieces of the puzzle into a logical and convincing picture. This sole explanation is that General Daza ultimately succumbed to Chilean temptations when they were presented in a new form — in the form of a monetary offer for his personal benefit.”

Despite the lamentable condition of the bulk of the Bolivian expeditionary army, officers such as Colonel Eliodoro Camacho urged their peers to fulfill the obligation undertaken with the Peruvian ally to confront the enemy. Once they realized their efforts were futile, frustration awakened the desire to find a way to rid themselves of the despotic and inept captain general.

Days later, on November 19, the clash occurred between the Chilean invading forces under Colonel Emilio Sotomayor — composed of some 6,500 men and around thirty cannons — and the combined Peruvian-Bolivian army [on the Bolivian side, in reality only a single regiment participated], under General Buendía — described by Oblitas as “almost senile” — consisting of slightly more than 9,000 combatants and about twenty cannons.

As a consequence of disastrous battle planning, the result was catastrophic for the allies, who left behind two hundred dead and a large portion of their military equipment. While the Peruvians retreated in great disorder toward Tiliviche, the Bolivians began their return to Oruro. The victors did not pursue the fleeing forces.

News of the disaster shook both allied nations. In Lima and other Peruvian cities, riots broke out, leading President Prado to leave the country under the pretext that “he alone could negotiate ships and armaments in Europe,” an action widely condemned as a cowardly flight. After a brief interregnum, political power was taken by Dr. Nicolás de Piérola, who proclaimed himself dictator and called all Peruvians capable of bearing arms to continue the struggle against the invader.

In Bolivia, not only were scenes of disappointment and anguish experienced over what had occurred at San Francisco, but citizens were stunned, unable to understand why President Daza — whose reputation for bravery and belligerence was widely acknowledged — had turned back with his men and abandoned the allied army to its fate. As one contemporary recalled:

“Daza’s prestige was already in ruins even before the Camarones counter-march; he paid no attention to the war, seeking only diversions (…). Since returning to Tacna, he distrusts everyone; an atmosphere of hostility prevails.” Soon, simultaneously in Tacna and La Paz, civilians and military officers began conspiring to overthrow him.

Informed by rumors of these movements against him, Daza decided to return to Bolivia to entrench himself in La Paz and resist there with his loyalists and the cannons he planned to withdraw from Tacna to destroy the barricades expected to be raised by the rebels and “show those rogues what a tyranny is and rule for as long as I please.”

To this outburst was added the astonishing decision of the Bolivian president not to recognize the new Peruvian head of state; although his closest collaborators attempted to persuade him that the alliance existed between nations rather than individuals, Daza replied that the alliance had collapsed following the change of government in Lima. Once these presidential decisions became known, the conspiracy against him accelerated in both cities.

With the collaboration of the prefect of Tacna — whose sole condition was that no harm be done to persons or property in the city — who invited Daza to travel with him to Arica under the pretext of meeting Rear Admiral Lizardo Montero to define wartime strategy, the path was cleared for his overthrow.

The day after Christmas, Eliodoro Camacho, supported by his prestige, informed the troops of the decision to remove the President of the Republic and to notify the Peruvian authorities accordingly. Despite pressure from other officers, this military leader refused to assume command of the nation, stating instead that he expected the chosen leader to emerge from a constituent assembly.

Meanwhile, in La Paz, on December 28, a large crowd gathered in the Plaza de Armas. The decision to end Daza’s presidency was not challenged by anyone; attention instead turned to defining the mechanism of succession — whether a governing junta or a consensus individual.

In the end, it was agreed to form a junta composed of Colonel Uladislao Silva, Dr. Rudecindo Carvajal, and Dr. Donato Vásquez. Its first act of government was to ratify the military alliance with Peru and appoint General Narciso Campero commander-in-chief of the Bolivian army.

It was then decided to consult prominent figures throughout the Republic regarding the advisability of convening a National Convention to define the new structure of the State and the method for electing the nation’s next president.

Although he initially considered returning to Bolivia with his most loyal troops to confront the uprising in La Paz, Daza soon had to yield to reality and instead summoned his family to Tacna, from where he departed into exile in Europe.

Raúl Rivero is an economist and writer.

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