Nataniel Aguirre: Man of letters and of action | Hombre de letras y de acción

By Raúl Rivero, Brújula Digital:

As his biographer aptly describes him: “Fate did not wish to grant him a better time in which only his talent might triumph. To be a writer back then? Impossible! One had to throw the pen beside the prayer books and take up the sword.”

Portrait of Nataniel Aguirre. Photo: social media.

For several generations now, Nataniel Aguirre González de Prada has been remembered and admired as the author of Juan de la Rosa, that jewel of the nineteenth-century novel and a landmark of the earliest fiction literature in this part of America.

Set in Cochabamba, his native city, and strongly influenced by the Romanticism of the era, it seems to have been the first part of a tetralogy on the War of Independence that could not be completed because of the author’s premature death.

His other works have enjoyed less fortune in Bolivia’s literary memory, among them the theatrical dramas Visionarios y héroes and Represalia de un héroe; his novel La bellísima Floriana; and his historical essays Unitarismo y federalismoBolivia y la Guerra del Pacífico, and El Libertador, all of which demonstrate the versatility of literary interests that guided his pen.

Special mention must be made of his Biography of Francisco Burdett O’Connor, the Irish soldier who did so much for the independence struggle in Lower and Upper Peru and for the consolidation of Bolivia as a Republic, whose urgency to be told by Aguirre perhaps arose when he learned that the hated and contested, ill-tempered tyrant Melgarejo had erased O’Connor from the military rolls.

But beyond his outstanding role in national politics, defending his democratic and liberal principles—most notably in the conventions of 1872 and 1880 and in the negotiations of the Truce Pact with Chile in 1884—little or nothing is remembered of his facet as a man of action.

Married on March 30, 1864, to Margarita Achá, daughter of President José María Achá, Aguirre was appointed secretary of the Bolivian Legation in Lima. There he learned that on December 28 of that year General Mariano Melgarejo, formerly protected by his father-in-law, had violently seized control of the nation.

Without much thought, Aguirre returned to Bolivia and placed himself at the disposal of the Cochabamba volunteers who had formed a small division under the command of José María Santiváñez and General Idelfonso Sanjinés to confront the ruler, despite knowing how Melgarejo had bloodily crushed the Belcista rebellion in La Paz.

These men set out on August 7, 1865, toward Sucre, where since May several officers commanded by General Nicanor Flores had risen up, hoping to gather more volunteers to challenge Melgarejo.

The rebels later moved on to Potosí, where things began to go wrong. Many of the newly enlisted deserted, and the military leaders of each faction became entangled in disputes over command and strategy, with regrettable displays of jealousy and envy among them.

Tired of hearing these quarrels, Mariano Baptista exhorted them: “Instead of plunging into Byzantine discussions, they would do better to steel the courage of their soldiers, train and arm them, for the enemy is at a short distance and will not be long in appearing” (Arguedas, Los caudillos bárbaros, Ed. Gisbert & Cía. S.A. 1975: 105).

This disorder seemed to calm when they learned that Melgarejo had arrived in Sucre and was already breaking camp to march on Potosí. Faced with this situation, they decided to advance toward Pojo. Meanwhile, the President, aware of the dissensions among his rivals, took the necessary time to rest his troops, receive reinforcements, and only then resume the march.

Upon learning that the tyrant would soon have more troops, Flores ordered his men back to Potosí, where they took up combat positions on the hill of La Cantería.

On September 5 both sides clashed in a bloody battle, in which the bravery and daring of the Cochabamba troops stood out, among them Nataniel Aguirre, who fought as Achá’s aide.

The confrontation was unequal, since the President had trained troops seasoned in combat, whereas the great majority of his opponents were improvised fighters who were soon defeated.

Bearing the sorrow of defeat and the loss of friends such as Galindo and Moyano, Achá and Aguirre joined the rebel General Arguedas in Oruro. Indecisive and terrified by Melgarejo’s advance, Arguedas decided to withdraw to La Paz and not give battle, which angered the two Cochabambinos, who preferred instead to go to Peru.

Having returned to Cochabamba in 1867, deceived by a safe-conduct sent by Melgarejo himself, Achá was arrested and banished to the unhealthy tropical region of Todos Santos, from where he escaped only to die shortly afterward in his native city in January 1868.

Aguirre managed to evade the government’s henchmen and placed himself under the orders of Lucas Mendoza de la Tapia, political heir of the deceased former president, who secured the support of Colonel Barrientos to provoke a new uprising, in whose ranks Aguirre enlisted as captain of riflemen.

Since they had almost no weapons, the rebels moved to Tarata, where an important military arsenal was stored, trusting that since Barrientos was a native of that town—also the birthplace of the tyrant—they could persuade the garrison there to join them with arms and baggage. The attempt ended tragically with the death of the rebel commander and several of the insurgents.

To escape the reprisals, always bloody, the rebels withdrew into their extensive rural properties, waiting for a better opportunity to end the tyranny.

During that forced retreat, Nataniel Aguirre not only wrote a couple of literary works, but, seeing with pain the dispossession suffered by the indigenous people of their ancestral lands as a result of the iniquitous Disentailment Law, which deprived peasant communities of ownership of their lands, he drafted a bill to repeal it.

In the introduction he set down his declaration of principles in line with his liberal ideas: “Let us make the poor Indian a citizen like ourselves,” and he was perhaps the first to formally propose the abolition of pongueaje.

Informed that Agustín Morales had entered La Paz with hardly any resistance, taking advantage of one of Melgarejo’s departures in his efforts to crush uprisings, Nataniel Aguirre, his father, and Lucas Mendoza took charge of seizing the city of Cochabamba in the name of the revolutionaries. The movement triumphed on January 15, 1871, after hard and bloody fighting in the streets of La Paz.

There are two versions—both taken from the writings of José Quintín Mendoza, a witness to the event—of the unpleasant encounter Nataniel Aguirre had with Hilarión Daza, which led the writer to challenge the officer to a duel.

Both describe the backstage of a banquet given in Sucre by President Morales to members of the National Convention and his closest collaborators, recounting the sycophantic and obsequious speeches offered to the host, especially praising his role in ending Melgarejo’s tyranny.

According to Porfirio Díaz Machicado, when it was Aguirre’s turn to toast, he rose to exclaim: “I toast the only true victor, the Bolivian people!” Daza had the audacity to interrupt him with a hateful mockery. Aguirre fell silent and threw down the gauntlet.

Morales was left perplexed, waiting for the soldier to fulfill his duty before the challenge. Minutes later Aguirre sent his representatives carrying two pistols, to invite Daza to a duel at dawn at the gate of the cemetery. Faced with the congressman’s resolve, the soldier hesitated. Daza then gave his explanations to Nataniel Aguirre (Díaz M., Nataniel Aguirre, Ed. Los Amigos del Libro: 157–58).

Alcides Arguedas’s version is more colorful, referring to the panegyrics launched by the diners and to what happened between Aguirre and Daza:

“Morales smiled sarcastically and slyly. His green, feline eyes flashed and his swollen, copper-colored mulatto face turned red… It was the alcohol beginning to take effect.

Among the diners there were many who listened skeptically and disdainfully to the downpour of stock phrases, and their irreverent attitude provoked anger and contempt among the soldiers. One of them was Hilarión Daza, now colonel and chief of the best battalion, who could not contain himself and with a hoarse accent and threatening posture insulted Deputy Nataniel Aguirre (…) Aguirre replied arrogantly to the military man’s provocation, without regard for the place or the people.

“Daza raised his voice further and, addressing the President like a schoolboy accusing his rival before the teacher, said: ‘Sir, Aguirre insults me, what should I do?’ And Morales, drunk and responding to instinct without even thinking, replied without hesitation: ‘Well… throw a bottle at him.’

“And the bottle, whistling, passed over the heads of the distinguished guests of the ruler to smash against the wall near Nataniel Aguirre (…) Aguirre challenged Daza, now Morales’s favorite, to a duel, and the latter immediately issued a general order for the soldier to transfer at once with his battalion to La Paz so he could evade the affair of honor. The cowardly soldier hastened to obey” (Arguedas, ibid.: 157–59).

Yet another test of action would cross Nataniel Aguirre’s path. When the Chilean invasion of the coast became known in Cochabamba, he and Eliodoro Camacho hurried to raise a regiment of three thousand men, barely armed and without baggage, and marched toward Tacna.

Although he was appointed assistant chief of staff, the Cochabamba intellectual never entered combat, because President Daza, informed that Aguirre had relatives in Peru, sent him instead as extraordinary agent to Lima to coordinate military and political actions with the ally.

Later he served as prefect of Cochabamba, member of the Convention of 1880, minister, and plenipotentiary ambassador to the imperial court of Brazil, dying in Montevideo on September 11, 1888, while on his way to assume that diplomatic post.

As his biographer well describes him: “Fate did not wish to grant him a better time in which only his talent might triumph. To be a writer then? Impossible! One had to throw the pen beside the prayer books and take up the sword; one had to live the terrible novel of conspiracies; one had to go out cloaked, almost disguised, to fulfill more human obligations” (Díaz M., Nataniel Aguirre, 1972: 113).

Raúl Rivero is an economist and writer.

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