Bolivia is dying on us again: why export | Bolivia se nos vuelve a morir: por qué exportar

By Oscar Antezana, El Día:

Under current economic conditions —highly indebted, short on dollars, with reduced gas exports yet an urgent need to generate foreign currency— it is imperative and urgent to increase and diversify exports. Otherwise, just like 40 years ago, when former President Víctor Paz Estenssoro coined the historic phrase “Bolivia is dying on us,” we will once again face a collapse. Since then, Bolivians have been traumatized by hyperinflation, a phenomenon we still fear today. I hope that by now we have become aware of the need and importance of supplying dollars to the economy, because we did not even have enough to pay for fuel imports and were even subjected to a “corralito.” How does one obtain dollars? By contracting more external debt or by producing and exporting.

In 1993 I published my third book, The Magic of Exports. More than 30 years ago, that book stated that “the economic, political and social dynamics could hinder achieving a critical impulse for rapid export growth… In this context, income from exports is the best and most genuine alternative to guarantee financing for economic and social development, while structural transformations that change or create market-economy institutions are accelerated.”

In the Recommendations chapter, in the section on sectoral policies, the book noted the absence of “an institutional structure to promote exports…,” among other aspects. It should concern us that, given the current situation briefly described above, there is still no Ministry of Exports today. A vice-ministry is neither adequate nor sufficient. Just as we have a Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons to supply fuel to the economy, we need a Ministry of Exports —with equal or greater reason— to inject dollars into the economy. This would allow the import of machinery, equipment, and intermediate inputs capable of reviving our economy —including the import of hydrocarbons— for as long as necessary. The productive sector, from mining to agriculture, and the financial system must have dollar liquidity or access to dollars for their international commercial transactions. That ministry “needed modernization, strengthening its technical and professional capacity and competence.”

“The minister in charge should constantly visit industries with and without export potential to assess their needs for increasing export growth.” It continued: “the Minister should visit selected countries to gain first-hand impressions of their policies, regimes, levels of technological training, infrastructure, and institutions.” Peru, perhaps the regional country closest to Bolivia in terms of development, could be the immediate starting point. It was also recommended to “assemble a group of technically capable professionals (national and foreign) to maintain almost daily contact with exporters from different sectors and advise the Minister on the design, implementation, and oversight of sectoral policy measures.”

“The country’s foreign service could contribute significantly to these efforts… The traditional services that commercial attachés in our embassies provide to foreign trade are tremendously ineffective. The main function of embassies should focus on foreign trade relations with the world in matters of exports. Our embassies need experienced trade negotiators and skilled sellers.”

As I have mentioned on other occasions, Bolivia does not need to reinvent the wheel. First, it has already been written. Second, we already know what works and what doesn’t. Third, several regional countries have succeeded in increasing and diversifying their exports relatively quickly. When I arrived in Peru while working at the World Bank, blueberries, avocados, mangoes, and even gold were just another set of products. In ten years, Peru became one of the world’s largest exporters of these and other goods. We have much to learn.

Bolivia is a small market for its current and potential supply of gas, soy, or any other product. Gas exports generated foreign currency that was injected into the economy because it was sold to large markets. This allowed us to produce on a larger scale, beyond the size of our domestic market. In the same way, we must find larger markets to produce more agro-industrial products, manufactured goods, services, and others; to diversify our productive base and grow more and better. Not opening our production to a large market means limiting it to our small and poor economy —and condemning Bolivia to poverty. From where will we obtain foreign currency to (a) pay external debt —and the new debt inevitably being contracted now— and (b) finance sustainable economic growth and achieve a higher level of development?

The next article, which will be published tomorrow, will focus on the implementation of a policy to promote exports and investments —a topic also included in that book and in my second book, Macroeconomic Success and Microeconomic Deficiencies (1990), whose foreword was written by former President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. It is unfortunate for the country that, after 30 years, both books remain valid.

Leave a comment