Andrés de Santa Cruz: The Bolivian Condor Who Forged a Regional Power | Andrés de Santa Cruz: El cóndor boliviano que Forjó una Potencia Regional

By Joaquín Terán:

It is well known that Latin America’s independence did not immediately bring stability or order: instead, it opened the door to chaos, fragmentation, and internal conflict. The nation-state concept, still immature in the continent, lacked strong institutions to sustain it. The liberal bourgeoisie that had driven emancipation lacked both the strength and vision to consolidate a new political order.

It was in this vacuum that a man arose who would mark a turning point in Bolivia’s history: a newly born country, without the full support of its founding “father,” Bolívar. In this context, Bolivia cannot be understood without Andrés de Santa Cruz, the Indian condor, son of an Aymara cacica and a Spaniard belonging to the Creole nobility.

After the resignation and forced exile of Marshal Antonio José de Sucre in 1828, Bolivia found itself in a state of deep vulnerability. Few like the Marshal understood that the independence process needed to be accompanied by a strong and firm centralism.

Historian Erick Langer, in his article “The Founding of Bolivia in the Latin American Context 1825–1830,” notes that political instability was a common feature across the region. While countries like Argentina, Chile, and Peru debated between political models (federalism vs. centralism)—with Peru even at war with Gran Colombia (1828–1829) and Argentina without a stable president for nearly three decades (1827–1854)—Bolivia found in Santa Cruz’s centralism its cohesive force.

Unlike his neighbors, the Marshal did not rely solely on his caudillo figure but on his remarkable ability to institutionalize the State. Starting with the so-called “tribute,” a colonial-era tax imposed on indigenous ayllus, together with mining and textile production, Bolivia was able to finance its army—composed largely of Colombian officers—and pay off the debts incurred during independence.

This military power quickly manifested itself: in 1834, Bolivia annexed Tarija under the watch of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina), demonstrating its ability to protect and expand its borders.

His vision of progress extended to other areas. Regarding international trade:

He secured trade treaties with European powers such as France (1834) and England (1836), opening the doors to the global economy. He founded the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz and the University of San Simón in Cochabamba, pillars of Bolivia’s educational system to this day.

Santa Cruz’s most ambitious project was the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836. This geopolitical megaproject unified both countries and sparked great fear among neighboring nations, especially Chile. Although the Confederation was dissolved in 1839 due to internal and external pressures, it proved that Bolivia was capable of leading a project that matched its regional importance.

The Marshal of Zepita was not only significant within the continental framework but left a global imprint as well. After his exile, he was appointed Bolivia’s plenipotentiary minister to France, England, Spain, and Belgium. During his European exile, as indicated in his death certificate in France in 1865, Andrés de Santa Cruz received two of the highest honors of the 19th century: he was named Grand Officier de la Légion d’Honneur in France and Grand Officier de l’Ordre de Léopold in Belgium. Both titles corresponded to the second-highest rank within each order, reserved for heads of state, victorious generals, ministers, and high-ranking diplomats.

Despite being one of Bolivia’s most important founding figures, Andrés de Santa Cruz has not always received the recognition he deserves. Although in 1964, under the presidency of René Barrientos Ortuño, a decree was issued to place his portrait alongside those of Bolívar and Sucre in state buildings, this practice is not maintained today.

It is essential to recover the memory of the “Indian condor,” a visionary who, through leadership and institutional capacity, gave form and stability to a nation in its early years of life. His legacy goes beyond a single presidential term; it represents the foundation upon which the Bolivian State was built.

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