Bolívar, the Bolivian | Bolívar, el boliviano

By Juan José Toro, Visión 360:

Shouldn’t we be talking about these things instead of organizing festivals or “dog parades”? Clearly, there’s no one in the government who understands what a bicentennial truly represents.

This July 24 marks the 242nd anniversary of the birth of Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios, better known to us simply as Simón Bolívar.

Given that this is the bicentennial year of Bolivia’s independence, the very least the ineffective presidential commission for this commemoration could have done was gather historians—at least for a colloquium—to discuss not only Bolívar’s significance for Bolivia, but more importantly, the criticisms of his role.

While Bolívar is widely recognized as the Father of the Nation, there is a growing current that questions his contribution to the liberation of Charcas—what was then known during the War of Independence as “Upper Peru.” Increasingly, people are repeating the version—true, but short-sighted—that Bolívar and Sucre are not Bolivia’s liberators because they didn’t fire a single shot in this territory, whose freedom was—indeed—secured by the victory of the Chicheño troops at the Battle of Tumusla.

It’s true: the battle that freed what is now Bolivian territory was Tumusla, where the last royalist commander in Upper Peru fell. However, if one analyzes the entire campaign of the Liberation Army in Peru, the unmistakable conclusion is that without Bolívar and Sucre, it would have been very difficult to defeat the Spaniards.

Bolívar, who had already liberated the Viceroyalty of New Granada—today’s Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela—took command of the war in Peru after the Guayaquil meeting, where another liberator, José de San Martín, agreed to step aside. From that point on, Bolívar fought not only on the battlefield but also in the political arena. He led the defeat of the bulk of the royalist army in the battles of Junín and Ayacucho. After Ayacucho, the Spanish army’s Chief of Staff, José de Canterac, signed a capitulation and agreed to evacuate their forces back to the Iberian Peninsula.

In Upper Peru, only a small royalist force under Pedro Antonio de Olañeta remained, so Sucre began his march to defeat him. Had the Battle of Tumusla not occurred, Sucre’s large army would have crushed the remaining royalist troops—but the Chicheño Carlos Medinaceli beat him to it.

Another common argument against the liberators is that they weren’t born in Bolivia, and so they are considered foreigners. Those who believe that might be surprised to learn that Bolívar and Sucre were, in fact, Bolivian.

On August 8, 1825, the same assembly of deputies that had declared independence two days earlier approved a draft law that not only founded the Republic of Bolívar, but also recognized as “natural-born and citizen” of that country “every man who had fought for liberty at Junín or Ayacucho.” That law was enacted on August 11, officially making Bolívar, Sucre, and all who fought in those two battles, Bolivians.

Shouldn’t we be talking about these things instead of organizing festivals or “dog parades”? Clearly, there’s no one in the government who understands what a bicentennial truly means.

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