July 16, 1809 in La Paz | 16 de Julio de 1809 en La Paz

By Eric L. Cárdenas, El Diario:

216 years ago in the colonial city of Nuestra Señora de La Paz, a group of individuals who had been secretly organizing since the late 18th century rose up to fight for the independence of Upper Peru from the Spanish crown. Earlier attempts had failed in Cusco and La Paz in 1805, but they remained determined, and on July 16, 1809, they took control of the city’s government after calling a town meeting, which decided to remove Governor-Intendant Tadeo Dávila and Bishop La Santa y Ortega from power.

The first free government in the Americas was then organized, with authorities, a militia, and a governing program. A militia of 900 men was formed under the command of Pedro Domingo Murillo. Taxes such as the alcabala and sisa were abolished, government debt records were burned, and other measures were taken. On July 24, the Junta Tuitiva was established as the ruling body under the name “National Representative Junta of the People’s Rights,” made up of 15 members and presided over by Pedro Domingo Murillo.

The Junta Tuitiva was not only a deliberative body but also the source of executive power, with appointed ministers and officials. Lawyer Gregorio Lanza was named Minister of War. As a legislative and deliberative body, the Junta included representatives from all social sectors: Creoles, mestizos, and even indigenous peoples, with one representative from each indigenous group. Among the indigenous leaders were caciques Francisco Katari Incacollo (Yungas), José Sancu (Sorata), and Gregorio Rojas (Omasuyos).

From the outset, the revolution had the strong support of the people, including some Spaniards like Pedro Indaburo, who was appointed military commander of the province, and Gabriel Antonio Castro, among others. Many Spaniards chose to leave the city or seek refuge in convents. A group of brave women—such as Doña Vicenta Juaristi Eguino, widow of Rodrigo Picón, Úrsula Goizueta, Simona Josefa Manzaneda, and many more—participated by making cannon cartridges, advised by experts. Emissaries were sent to other districts and provinces to encourage uprisings.

On July 27, the Junta Tuitiva issued its Proclamation, a philosophically significant document that denounced Spanish colonialism and proclaimed the freedom of the American peoples. This document provided the ideological foundation for the emancipatory revolution and openly broke colonial ties, abandoning the argument of defending the rights of King Ferdinand VII, who had been taken prisoner and exiled by Napoleon.

On September 30, 1809, the Junta Tuitiva was dissolved as a royalist military force sent from Peru, under Brigadier José Manuel Goyeneche and made up of 7,000 men with cavalry and artillery, approached the city. Though armed resistance took place near Chacaltaya, the patriot forces were overwhelmed and dispersed, with a small group retreating to the Yungas to continue the fight. On January 9, 1810, the main leaders of the July 16 uprising were executed by hanging.

The July 16 revolution in La Paz marked the beginning of the long war for independence in Upper Peru, which would last 15 years. Shortly afterward, on August 9–10, the Quito uprising took place; on May 25, 1810, the Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared independence; and in September 1810, Mexico’s “Grito de Dolores” followed, among other events.

The city of Nuestra Señora de La Paz became the center of the independence struggle, suffering repeated attacks from royalist forces in 1811, 1814, and 1816. Hundreds of residents were executed, their properties expropriated, and the city became the base for guerrilla resistance led by La Paz native José Miguel García Lanza. La Paz made a major blood sacrifice in the fight for independence.

In his memoirs, the Viceroy of Lima, Abascal, wrote: “Ramírez’s column advanced to that place of ruin and desolation, full of thieves and arsonists—La Paz.” Spanish General Pezuela wrote about La Paz: “This unfortunate and barbaric city had the reputation, more than any other, of being the worst and most hostile to the king, to all Europeans, and to loyal and honorable Creoles, ever since July 16, 1809 (…) to the point where even the women took an impassioned stance.”

The author is a lawyer, political scientist, writer, and university professor.

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