Bicentennial January | Enero bicentenario

By JUAN JOSÉ TORO MONTOYA, Los Tiempos:

We are already closing the first month of the bicentennial year of the declaration of independence, and it is worth reviewing some key events from 200 years ago that were decisive for what would happen on August 6, 1825.

In January 1825, desertions began within the Royalist Army of Marshal Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, who was the de facto ruler of Upper Peru. This was largely influenced by Antonio José de Sucre’s victory over the Royalists at Ayacucho on December 9, 1824, which led to a capitulation recognized by none other than Viceroy José de la Serna.

Following the resounding victory at Ayacucho, Sucre advanced southward toward Upper Peru, reaching Cuzco on December 29. Crossing the Desaguadero River, the de facto border with present-day Bolivia, was only a matter of days.

In Upper Peru, Olañeta had stationed troops in all major cities under the command of officers who, upon learning of the capitulation at Ayacucho and Sucre’s approach, realized that all was lost. They then resorted to a clever maneuver: they declared independence and switched to the patriot side.

The first garrison to rebel was in Cochabamba on January 14, when the cavalry squadron Dragones Americanos revolted, subdued the other two Royalist divisions, and arrested Governor Pedro Antonio de Assua.

In La Paz, there was no uprising; instead, Olañeta evacuated the city on January 23. José Miguel Lanza, who was marching to take control, occupied it after that date and, indeed, declared independence.

Recently, I found documents in UMSA’s central library revealing that there was also an uprising in Potosí, which must have taken place before Olañeta’s arrival. In a letter to José María Pérez de Urdininea, José Antonio Álvarez de Arenales wrote: “We have received your letter dated yesterday, informing us that through a fairly reliable source, you have just learned about the revolution in Potosí, carried out by the officer Raya, just like the one in Cochabamba with troops from the same garrison.” Unfortunately, I have not yet been able to determine who this Raya was.

This happened in January 1825 and was the prelude to further uprisings in Vallegrande, Santa Cruz, and Chuquisaca in February. On the 5th of that month, from Ilave, Sucre wrote to Bolívar: “I continue my journey to La Paz, though not willingly, for I have always been reluctant to go south of the Desaguadero. In any case, here I go. May God grant that I come out of this mess successfully.”

And I think we all know how that turned out.

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