The last three battles of the continent’s independence | Las tres últimas batallas de la independencia del continente

By MSc. Victor Medinaceli Ríos, lawyer, engineer, and researcher; ERBOL:

Close to the national Bicentennial: Junín, Ayacucho, and Tumusla — the last three battles of the continent’s independence

The independence of Latin America was a long and complex process marked by countless confrontations that secured the freedom of the continent’s countries. Three battles stand out in the final stage of this struggle: Junín, Ayacucho, and Tumusla. Although separated by distances and contexts, they share a common thread that makes them transcendental in history.

The Battle of Junín (August 6, 1824)

Fought on the Peruvian plain, the Battle of Junín pitted the patriot army led by Simón Bolívar against the royalist forces of José de Canterac. This battle was unique as it was almost exclusively a cavalry fight, with patriot lancers achieving victory without firing a single shot, relying solely on melee weapons. Junín marked a turning point in the war of independence, leaving the royalists weakened and forcing them to retreat toward Ayacucho. However, unlike other battles, there was no formal surrender following this victory.

The Battle of Ayacucho (December 9, 1824)

Ayacucho solidified South America’s partial independence. Led by Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, the patriots defeated Viceroy José de la Serna in a battle that lasted about four hours. This victory not only resulted in the surrender of the royalist troops but also in the signing of a capitulation agreement that ensured the withdrawal of Spanish forces from the continent. However, a strong Spanish leader, Marshal and future Viceroy Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, remained in Potosí. Despite this, Ayacucho is remembered as the battle that nearly guaranteed South America’s complete freedom.

The Battle of Tumusla (April 1, 1825)

In what is now Bolivia, the Battle of Tumusla was led by then-Colonel Carlos Medinaceli against the last royalist stronghold headed by Marshal Pedro Antonio de Olañeta. This confrontation, which lasted four hours, ended with Olañeta’s death and the royalists’ surrender shortly after. Tumusla secured the continent’s total independence, as well as that of Upper Peru, enabling the consolidation of Bolivia as an independent nation. Its strategic and symbolic importance stands out as the definitive closure of the independence process.

Comparison of the battles

Junín, Ayacucho, and Tumusla, though different in setting and context, were decisive for continental independence and are therefore called battles in military terminology. While Junín was a swift engagement without a formal surrender, Ayacucho and Tumusla formalized capitulations that cemented patriot triumphs. All three battles had similar durations: Junín was resolved in less than an hour, whereas Ayacucho and Tumusla lasted about four hours. In terms of leadership, Bolívar, Sucre, and Medinaceli demonstrated brilliant strategies adapted to the circumstances of the terrain and the enemy. However, Tumusla stands out as a victory achieved with limited resources and the leadership of a local hero and forces such as the Chicheños and the Chicheña Cavalry, making it a symbol of autonomy for the nascent Bolivian state.

The importance of the three battles

While Junín is remembered as the beginning of the end for royalist forces, Ayacucho marked their official capitulation after fleeing Junín. Tumusla, in turn, consolidated the independence project by defeating the last royalist leader in South America. These three battles, seen together, represent the climax of an independence process that united the peoples of the continent in the quest for freedom. In conclusion, Junín, Ayacucho, and Tumusla not only sealed the continent’s independence but also left lessons in unity, strategy, and resilience, holding equal value and importance. Each, in its way, symbolizes the indomitable spirit of those who fought for a new future. This analysis does not question the importance of Bolívar or Sucre but complements the timeline with the undeniable historical fact that the last Spanish Marshal died in battle at Tumusla.

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