Peruvian Invasions | Invasiones peruanas

By Juan José Toro, Brujula Digital:

On Monday, the 183rd anniversary of the Battle of Ingavi was commemorated, a historical event that inspired the creation of Bolivia’s National Anthem.

With the limited study of history, the way this chapter is remembered tends to be simplistic, even though many argue that this battle solidified Bolivia’s independence.

At Ingavi, Bolivian troops led by José Ballivián defeated the Peruvian forces commanded by Agustín Gamarra, who was then president of Peru and died in the conflict.

The armies clashed because Gamarra had decided to invade Bolivia for the second time. The first invasion occurred in 1828, an episode that has been almost entirely forgotten in our history.

That first invasion was orchestrated by Gamarra and Bolivian figures, most notably Casimiro Olañeta. A little-known detail is that one of the conditions of the invasion was the assassination of Bolivia’s then-president, Antonio José de Sucre.

The invasion began on April 18, 1828, with the uprising of the Granaderos battalion from Colombia, stationed in Chuquisaca. A shot struck the Marshal of Ayacucho, wounding his arm and knocking him off his horse, but it did not kill him. His loyalists rescued him and moved him to safety. He was later taken to Ñucchu while Gamarra’s troops invaded Bolivia. The prefect of Potosí, Francisco López, went to Chuquisaca and quelled the rebellion.

For unknown reasons, the events after Ñucchu have been almost completely forgotten, despite their significance. It is no longer mentioned that Sucre was kidnapped in Ñucchu by a Bolivian colonel to be handed over to Gamarra, who had established his base in Siporo, now in the Saavedra province of Potosí. Gamarra could not fulfill his agreement with Olañeta to kill Sucre because the Chief of Staff, León Galindo, arrived with his troops and remained vigilant, ready to attack the Peruvians if they harmed the marshal. This sad chapter ended in July 1828 with the signing of the Treaty of Piquiza, which forced Sucre to resign the presidency and led to the withdrawal of Colombian troops from the country.

These are events not taught in schools or universities, just as it is not mentioned that centuries earlier, the Incas invaded and subjugated us as their vassals. Since then, there have been currents in Peru that, having no qualms about invading us in the past, now feel entitled to steal our culture and present it as their own.

These underlying issues in the appropriation of our cultural heritage may seem recent but, in reality, have roots in ancient attitudes.

Juan José Toro is a National Journalism History Award winner.

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