History 101, 1795 – 1928: Luxury Bolivians! | ¡Bolivianos de lujo!

By Lupe Cajias, Los Tiempos:

The Essential Ones (I)

“There are men who fight for a day and are good. There are others who fight for a year and are better. There are those who fight for many years and are very good. But there are those who fight all their lives; they are the indispensable ones,” wrote German playwright Bertolt Brecht.

In Bolivia, on the eve of its bicentennial independence, there is a handful of names that embody this quality. The indispensable ones, those we should know better, those who should fill school shelves and media headlines; the true heroes of the nation. Without them, it is difficult to understand how this land survived independently for 200 years.

Antonio José Francisco de Sucre y Alcalá (Cumaná, 1795-1830), a Venezuelan strategist and military leader, organized public administration from the ashes left by 16 years of civil war. He sought to create a worthy Army, a capable internal police, efficient and minimally bureaucratic ministries, an educational system to achieve universal literacy by 1830, and a tiered electoral system from parishes to the most remote areas. In his honor, Bolivia’s capital is named Sucre. He left Bolivia wounded by a conspiracy and was assassinated in Berruecos.

José Ballivián Segurola (La Paz, 1805-1852) was born into a colonial aristocratic family. He began his military career on the royalist side until he joined the guerrilla of José Miguel Lanza in Ayopaya in 1817, alongside other young rebels. In 1825, he joined the Bolivian Army and participated in a series of internal disputes. His victory over Peruvian invader Agustín Gamarra at the Battle of Ingavi secured the republic’s independence. He governed from 1841 to 1847, continuing the organizational work of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who followed in Sucre’s footsteps. Ballivián’s presidency, one of the most fruitful of the 19th century, invited European engineers and skilled personnel to modernize Bolivia. He envisioned the plateau, mountains, valleys, plains, and tropics. He created the department of Beni, with one of its provinces bearing his name. Popular uprisings forced him to leave for Chile and later Brazil, where he died in Rio de Janeiro.

Gabriel René Moreno del Rivero (Santa Cruz de la Sierra 1834-1908) was a historian, bibliographer, literary critic, and educator with deep knowledge of various regions of the country. He shone across the continent alongside the leading Latin American thinkers. Bolivia owes him its interest in preserving memory. He worked at the National Institute Library in Santiago, Chile, where he began preparing bibliographic catalogs, notes, essays, and monographs. He recovered documents from the Audiencia of Charcas and the early republican years that explain Bolivia’s origins. He portrayed national complexities like few others and faced slander despite his efforts to represent and defend Bolivia. He died in solitude in Valparaíso, Chile.

Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza (Tarija 1824-1906) was a lawyer, mining entrepreneur, vice president, and president of Bolivia. Born to a modest family, he was a diligent student who eventually directed the prestigious Pichincha National College in Potosí. He gradually became familiar with the mining business and organized the Huanchaca Company, a model of modern enterprise and a training ground for future investors. Like Ballivián, he hired prominent European engineers and professionals who laid the foundations for bridges, roads, and hydroelectric plants. He was particularly interested in exploring the northern Amazon. A representative of enlightened politics, Arce actively participated in drafting the 1880 Constitution, which remained in effect for 70 years and marked the beginning of constitutional regimes and political parties. He died in Sucre at the age of 82.

Antonio Vaca Diez (Trinidad 1849-1897) was the first doctor from Beni and a pioneer in the study of microorganisms. He served as the personal physician to Adolfo Ballivián, José’s son and also a president of Bolivia. Vaca Diez was a scientist, explorer, journalist, writer, and a politician who fought against dictatorships. Like others mentioned here, he was a traveler, exploring remote corners of the country and neighboring nations. He traveled to Europe as well. He dreamed of Bolivia’s industrialization, road integration, and steamships navigating its rivers. His rubber company was one of the best-organized, alongside Casa Suárez. His life was like a movie, intense in every way. Biographers highlight his determination to overcome the obstacles of the jungle and a fearful society. A province is named after him. He died drowning while trying to open new navigation routes.

Adela Zamudio Rivero (Cochabamba 1854-1928) was the only daughter of an upper-class family. Her father was an engineer in the Corocoro mine. She had limited formal schooling but read avidly and began writing at a young age. She was a teacher, journalist, and poet who protested against the conditions facing women, who were discriminated against because of their gender. She was a pioneer in feminist demands. Despite facing conservative backlash, she was honored in her lifetime, including a crown presented by the president of the Republic in 1928.

There isn’t enough space to mention other Bolivian men and women from the new century. A future piece will summarize those other lives. They all deeply loved this country, even if that passion was not always reciprocated.

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