The Libertarian Revolutions of Cochabamba in 1810 and 1811 | Las revoluciones libertarias de 1810 y de 1811 de Cochabamba

By Luis Antezana Ergueta, Alejandro Antezana Salvatierra, El Diario:

Part I

According to an erroneous teaching of Bolivia’s official history, it is claimed that Cochabamba’s revolution on September 14, 1810, lasted two years and ended on May 27, 1812, the date of the Battle of La Coronilla.

This version is incorrect, as that 1810 revolution ended with the Battle of Amiraya on August 3, 1811, where the royalist forces of the anti-patriot José Manuel Goyeneche won. The next day, Goyeneche surrendered and triumphantly entered Cochabamba after reaching an agreement with Governor Francisco del Rivero, who switched sides. Eleven days later, Rivero, along with a cavalry company of 200 troops, headed to Potosí, subordinating himself to Goyeneche’s orders, whose objective was to advance toward Salta and then move on to repress the patriot forces based in Buenos Aires.

Two months after Rivero’s march to Potosí, while he was preparing to carry out his plan, the second libertarian revolution in Cochabamba erupted on October 29, 1811. This revolution lasted seven months and was bloodily crushed on May 27, 1812.

Thus, Cochabamba witnessed two revolutionary movements: the first, led by Governor Francisco del Rivero, started on September 14, 1810, and the second, led by Governor Mariano Antezana, began on October 29, 1811. Both insurgent movements had the involvement of Colonel Esteban Arze and his cavalry forces.

The second libertarian revolution occurred when Goyeneche was preparing to march from Potosí to Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán with the aim of crushing the Buenos Aires revolution. At that time, the Argentine libertarian movement was weakened by internal divisions and a lack of military supplies, making it likely that General Manuel Belgrano’s army would suffer a defeat against Goyeneche’s military power. In that case, the towns of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán would have faced the same tragic fate that Cochabamba had suffered.

The second revolution in October 1811, which by popular acclaim appointed Mariano Antezana Casafranca as governor of the province and president of the Government Junta subordinate to the Buenos Aires Junta, thwarted Goyeneche’s plans. He was forced to turn back and, instead of heading south, returned to the valley to crush the Cochabamba revolution.

In this way, Goyeneche, from Arequipa, suspended his attack on the Argentine patriots and, from Potosí, moved to Chuquisaca, then marched toward Aiquile and Mizque, setting his course toward Cochabamba. He led an army composed of Spanish and Creole strategists, powerful artillery, numerous cavalry, and troops mostly from various provinces of Peru.

Meanwhile, the Cochabamba revolutionaries had already fortified themselves and organized their defense with great energy and initiative. Esteban Arze and his troops, mostly from Tarata, Totora, and Cliza, also participated.

The defense of Cochabamba was meticulously planned and equipped with all types of weapons, particularly locally produced ones such as hand grenades and tin cannons. These were ingeniously crafted by the city’s artisans and technicians, with contributions from wealthy Creole and mestizo citizens. In this way, an army of over 4,000 men was formed, ready to defend Cochabamba and avoid the same defeats that Rivero had suffered in Sipe Sipe and Amiraya in August 1811.

Part II

Even knowing that Goyeneche had already departed from Potosí to quell the Cochabamba revolutionary movement, Esteban Arce insisted on marching towards Oruro to confront the royalist forces stationed there, led by the Spaniard Gerónimo Marrón de Lombera. While on the march, the plan was changed to return in the opposite direction to prepare for the defense of Cochabamba, leading to a sharp incident between Esteban Arce and Mariano Antezana. This resulted in the Caripuyo Agreement and the Tapacarí Convention at the end of April 1812, which decided that half of the patriot army, under Arce’s command, would march towards Tarata, while the other half, led by Antezana, would stay to defend Cochabamba.

It was likely upon seeing a large contingent of militia leave the city that the popular phrase from the women’s sector arose: “If there are no men to defend our homes, we women will.” Despite its profound historical value, it is only a half-truth, as there were indeed men who defended the city—those who were unequivocally in the patriot army led by Mariano Antezana.

This fracture in the national army cost Cochabamba dearly, as the contingent led by Arce suffered a collapse on May 24 in Queñual Field, in the heights of Pocona, with the horrifying retreat of the forces, accompanied by the raucous laughter of Goyeneche and his army, who mocked the failed attempt to stop him. This allowed the enemy to advance triumphantly, with their troops marching under the slogan “You are masters of lives and estates,” given in Potosí and Chuquisaca, securing them victory and the spoils of war.

On Wednesday, May 27, 1812, Goyeneche arrived in Cochabamba and attacked the city, which was valiantly defended by cavalry, infantry, and artillery forces commanded by Antezana and his lieutenants, along with support from the townspeople, especially the women of Cochabamba, who sacrificed their lives in the holocaust unleashed by the invader.

The second libertarian revolution of Cochabamba lasted seven months, from October 29, 1811, to May 27, 1812, a date of both tragic and heroic memory, when the massacre and looting of the Cochabamba population took place. The following day, the main revolutionary leaders were executed by firing squad on the orders of the bloodthirsty Goyeneche.

The defense of the city was heroic, with numerous battles taking place in various locations, including the Alalay lagoon, the San Sebastián hill, and other sites in the city, all clearly described in the plans for the capture of Cochabamba, drawn by the military engineers of the royalist army.

La Coronilla was the last bastion of the patriot defense, which was overrun by the power of the royalist army after it had triumphed in other key areas of resistance. The massacre was ferocious, and the looting lasted for three days and nights, without restraint or mercy.

The second libertarian revolution of Cochabamba was bloodily and cruelly defeated, compounded by the summary trials of the insurgent leaders, particularly the revolutionary leader Mariano Antezana. He was captured on May 28, 1812, at his refuge in the Recoleta Convent. He was then led, shackled in chains, to confront Goyeneche, to whom he refused to surrender or form any alliance. He was soon taken to an improvised firing wall on the east side of the Plaza de Armas, where he was executed by firing squad. Afterward, he was decapitated and quartered, in an act of equal or greater historical significance and tragedy than the hanging of the great leader Pedro Domingo Murillo in La Paz on January 29, 1810.

ERRATA Due to an unintentional error in the edition of yesterday, Saturday, September 14, 2024, the title of the first part of this article mistakenly referred to 1812 when it should have stated 1811.

Leave a comment