The kidnapping of the Marshal of Ayacucho | El secuestro del Mariscal de Ayacucho

By Jose Toro Montoya, Vision 360:

What happened after the mutiny?

Sucre was in Gamarra’s hands until the signing of the Piquiza agreement or settlement, according to 19th-century publications that present a disturbing version.

The government of Antonio José de Sucre began to fall on April 18, 1828, when a mutiny occurred in Chuquisaca, during which he was wounded in the arm. This event coincided with the first Peruvian invasion, led by Agustín Gamarra, but there is little or nothing about it in history books. What is known is that the Marshal of Ayacucho recovered from his injuries in Ñucchu, and from there, there is a time gap until he presented his resignation and delivered his famous message to the Nation in August. What happened during those nearly four months? Nineteenth-century publications present a disturbing version: Sucre was kidnapped and in Gamarra’s hands until the signing of the Piquiza agreement or settlement.

It is striking that historians have not paid attention to the gaps that can be clearly seen in the chronology of events. If the agreement or settlement was signed on July 6, 1828, what happened between Ñucchu and Piquiza? Why is there practically nothing about what happened for at least two months? And the most obvious question: if the mutiny occurred in Chuquisaca, now Sucre, why was the treaty signed in such a remote place as Piquiza, which even today is nothing more than a remote hamlet on the interdepartmental border between Potosí and La Paz?

The publication by the Blanco brothers (left) and the publication by Miguel María de Aguirre (right).
Graphics: SIHP

The data began to emerge from the discovery of a photostatic copy of the “Copiador de la correspondencia oficial del Jefe del estado Mayor General León Galindo. — 32 págs. — Puna — Potosí – 1828” (BC UMSA Mss. 542). What did Puna have to do with this story? Due to the seals, it was not difficult to locate the original in the Historical Archive of the Central Library of the UMSA: it is the correspondence between Galindo; the prefect of Potosí, Francisco López; and the governors of cantons such as Chaquí, Quivincha, Siporo, Miculpaya, Esquiri, Caiza, Toropalca, and Vilcaya as part of a military campaign: the defense of Bolivia against the Peruvian invasion led by Agustín Gamarra.

To understand what had happened, it must be remembered that, at the end of December 1827, Galindo had left the Prefecture of Potosí to Francisco López and went to La Paz as Chief of Staff, a position he was holding on April 18, 1828.

The April 18, 1828 Mutiny

After the outbreak of the mutiny, López left Potosí to address it, while Galindo mobilized from La Paz. According to what was known and confirmed by documents, the Chief of Staff—who logically had troops under his command—did not go to Chuquisaca, nor is there any record of his presence there after the events of April 18. Why?

The gaps were created by the existence of at least two different narratives about those events: on one hand, there were Sucre and his supporters, that is, the legally constituted government, which described the events as an invasion, with all that this implies. On the other hand, there were the rebels who viewed the April 1828 events as a revolution aimed at freeing Bolivia from Colombian occupation, of which Sucre was considered the main leader. Casimiro Olañeta was part of this latter trend and did everything in his power to impose this version.

The bed where Sucre slept, at the Cayara estate.

In 1877, Gabriel René Moreno published his “Documents on the First Assault of Militarism in Bolivia,” not in Bolivia, but in Chile, noting that “the crime of April 18 remains shrouded in shadows for posterity. In Bolivia itself, it is known only vaguely; because even the vague details of the event were all that could be gleaned from contemporary official documents…” (BNCH MC0049069, 247).

It was not a simple article but was accompanied by transcripts of documents revealing several things, from one that discussed the solidarity shown by Tomás Frías and doña Josefa de Lizarazu with the illustrious injured (Ídem, 260), to the still-debated claim that Sucre was kidnapped in Ñucchu and remained in that condition until the signing of the Piquiza treaty.

How did this happen? Behind the conspiracy was Gamarra, who already had an army of 6,000 men in Puno six months before the events of April in Chuquisaca (Ídem, 269). Twelve days after the mutiny, Gamarra invaded Bolivia (Ídem, 271) and went as far as Oruro, continuing on to Potosí, but established his camp in Siporo, today the Cornelio Saavedra province.

Meanwhile, according to this version, Colonel Pedro Blanco defected from the Bolivian army and met with Gamarra in Macha:

“Colonel Blanco came from Chichas, both to escape a major force that had left in pursuit from Potosí, and with the intention of joining Gamarra, who was already in Macha. He passed by the outskirts of the city (Potosí) without entering it, being guarded by a small infantry force. After about 20 days, he returned with an additional squadron of Peruvians, with Peruvian banners; they immediately went to Ñuccho and took the Great Marshal prisoner to Gamarra’s camp (in Siporo)” (MALLO, 1877: 272).

This testimony is reinforced by a publication from the time:

“Colonel Blanco, according to the gentleman, at the beginning of May, having departed from Cotagaita, headed to Chuquisaca. He captured the Great Marshal President in Ñuccho, where he was being treated; he continued his march to Macha. There he received reinforcements with a squadron of Peruvians. He returned towards Potosí, and was in Puna during the Piquiza conferences, still holding his prisoner” (AGUIRRE, 1871: 5).   

Portrait and weapons of Sucre, at the Manuela Sáenz Museum House. Photo: Ámbar Toro

Through a 50-page publication, Pedro Blanco’s children, Cleómedes and Federico, refuted Moreno’s publication and, despite the evidence presented, rejected the version that their father had taken Sucre prisoner to hold him for two months. “The movement of April 18, 1828, was a great and true revolution” (BC-F-01743, 1878: 2), they published.

The Blancos point out that there is evidence Sucre prepared his message to the nation in Chuquisaca, and in this message he says, “I was abruptly torn away, on July 4, from the retreat where I was recovering my wounds” (Ídem, 15). Additionally, a publication from El Cóndor de Bolivia states, “The President of the Republic left on the first of the current month for a country house five leagues from this capital. His friends will be pleased to know that he is recovering. On the eleventh, the fourteenth splinter of bone was removed from his arm, and the surgeons still believe there may be one more. However, they think the wounds will heal within a month” (CÓNDOR, 1828: 2).

The controversy lasted until 2024, when a copy of Galindo’s correspondence was found in the archive, library, and museum in Colcapirhua, Cochabamba, curated by his descendant Arturo Galindo Grandchandt. These letters show that at least between June 17 and July 5, 1828, there was intense troop movement in Bartolo (now Betanzos) and Chaquí, which are close to Siporo, as well as in Puna and Potosí.

The saddle of the Great Marshal.

The date of June 17 corresponds to the first letter found in the folder preserved at UMSA, as the letters are numbered, and the one appearing first is number 323, suggesting that 321 might be missing.

The content describes troop deployments in the mentioned locations, as well as the recruitment of volunteers, assignment of uniforms, and other movements typical in wartime. There are explicit references to Pedro Blanco, considering him responsible for the April 18, 1828, mutiny and therefore a target to be eliminated. In other words, these documents support the version that Sucre was kidnapped in Ñucchu and taken to Siporo, where the Piquiza treaty was signed on July 6, 1828. It is worth noting that Piquiza is very close to Siporo. If Antonio José de Sucre was held in that location, it seems to explain why Piquiza was chosen as the place for signing the treaty.

Now, if Sucre was kidnapped in Siporo, it justifies the presence of the Chief of Staff, León Galindo, with his troops in the area. That is where he executed the resistance to the first Peruvian invasion. For reasons that still need to be studied, Gamarra was unable to complete the occupation of the invaded territory and ended up signing the Piquiza treaty, which was ultimately humiliating for Bolivia. Knowing this, leading his troops, Galindo chose to head towards Salta, arriving there on July 24, 1828.

(*) Juan José Toro is a founder and member of the Society of Historical Research of Potosí (SIHP).

Graphics: Courtesy of SIHP

References:

  • AGUIRRE, Miguel María. 1871. Ajuste de Piquiza en 1828. Imprenta del Siglo. Cochabamba.
  • BC-F-01743, Biblioteca Central de la UMSA. BLANCO, Federico y Cleómedes. Rectificaciones para la historia de Bolivia. Imprenta del Siglo. Cochabamba.
  • BNCH MC0049069. MORENO del Rivero, Gabriel René. “Documentos sobre el primer atentado del militarismo en Bolivia”. En Revista Chilena. Tomo IX. Jacinto Núñez, editor. Imprenta de la República. Santiago. 1877. pp. 246-288.
  • MALLO, Jorge. “Apuntes sobre la connivencia del general Blanco y los demás incidentes al mismo respecto”. En BNCH MC0049069.

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