31 of the 38 critical minerals demanded by the world are in Bolivia | 31 de los 38 minerales críticos que demanda el mundo

By Marco Antonio Belmonte, Vision 360:

Jaime Villalobos, geologist, explains the potential

31 of the 38 critical minerals demanded by the world are in Bolivia, but investment is lacking to take advantage of them

Bolivia has potential for most critical minerals, with notable highlights at first glance: antimony, bismuth, tin, silver, zinc, gallium, germanium, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, zinc, germanium, gallium, and others.

Muestras de tierras raras. Foto: As

Samples of rare earths. Photo: As

Bolivia is a mining country, and historically, its revenues have depended on extractive activity. Currently, the country still has strong potential related to its mineralogical resources to be harnessed, as 31 of the 38 critical minerals that are in high demand worldwide lie beneath its territory.

Geologist and former Minister of Mining and Economic Development, Jaime Villalobos, highlighted that Bolivia has potential for most critical minerals, such as antimony, bismuth, tin, silver, zinc, gallium, germanium, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, zinc, germanium, gallium, among others.

However, the exploitation and utilization of these resources require technology and the ability to attract foreign direct investment. This is the expert’s perspective on the country’s wealth and the responses he provided to a questionnaire sent by Visión 360.

What minerals, metals, or resources beyond lithium will see strong demand this year and in the coming years?

In general, throughout this century, the demand for mining products will continue to grow, subject to the growth of the economically active population and cyclical changes in the global economy. A 2% annual increase in global demand means that mineral and metal production would have to double every 38 years.

At the same time, the technological and energy revolution is creating new demand for non-traditional minerals. In this context, there is clearly a significant demand for, among others, the following metals in addition to lithium: copper, antimony, silver, gold, nickel, cobalt, indium, zinc, tin.

In this regard, the 2020 Energy Act of the United States of America defines a critical material as any mineral, material, element, substance, or non-fuel material that:

  1. Has a high risk of supply chain disruption
  2. Plays an essential role in one or more energy technologies, including technologies that produce, transmit, store, and conserve energy. 

In 2023, 38 critical minerals were identified. Of those 38 “critical minerals,” the geology of our country records the existence of 31 with varying degrees of certainty.

Geologist and former Minister of Mining, Jaime Villalobos, during a presentation. Photo: Milenio

How can we exploit indium and rare earths? What is needed to produce and export them in large quantities?

Indium is produced exclusively as a byproduct during the processing of ores from other metals. In Bolivia, indium is found as a byproduct in polymetallic concentrates of silver, zinc, and lead. Extracting indium from mined ores and concentrates requires technologies that are still largely unknown in our country.

It is worth mentioning the Mallku Khota project, where the Canadian company South American Silver reported a vast deposit of approximately 381 million tons of low-grade silver and indium ores.

That company had plans to develop an open-pit mine in Mallku Khota with a production capacity of 20,000 tons per day. The project considered using an indium recovery method via leaching with a sulfuric acid-sodium chloride-chlorine solution, a non-traditional method in Bolivia.

Rare earth elements, on the other hand, are extremely difficult to prospect, explore, exploit, and, even more so, to recover. These minerals require technology and expertise that Bolivia does not yet possess.

In both cases (indium and rare earths), to take advantage of these resources, Bolivia needs substantial investments and technology that it currently lacks.

Therefore, the country must attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) associated with technological innovation.

To secure high-quality technology and FDI, Bolivia needs more than just a territory rich in mineral potential (which it has); it must also offer investors legal security, the rule of law, economic freedom, and a fair and competitive tax system.

Which of these metals or minerals have potential and reserves in Bolivia?

Bolivia has potential for most critical minerals, with the following standing out at first glance: antimony, bismuth, tin, silver, zinc, gallium, germanium, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, zinc, germanium, gallium, and others.

Regarding reserves, Bolivia has very few economically exploitable mining reserves; what it does have are mineral resources that need to be elevated to the category of mineral reserves through investments in exploration and development.

What is needed for this potential to become a reality and a source of revenue for Bolivia?

Modern, business-driven mining is a technology- and capital-intensive activity, which Bolivia lacks. Consequently, to develop its mining potential and generate a significant revenue source, Bolivia needs to attract foreign investment in constructive capital.

In mining, constructive capital refers to investment that contributes to the sustainable development of the country and the region where it operates.

This concept is closely linked to sustainable mining, which encompasses three key attributes:

  1. Technological innovation, as an essential factor for optimizing the utilization of mineral resources.
  2. Sustainable development, which integrally combines economic growth or value generation with environmental protection and social inclusion.
  3. Corporate social responsibility, understood as the company’s ongoing commitment to achieving economic development and the well-being of its workers, their families, and the community.

Alongside lithium, I understand there are larger magnesium reserves. What is needed to produce and export it in large quantities?

Yes, indeed. The brines of Bolivia’s salt flats contain vast amounts of magnesium salts in solution. Additionally, in the Rincón del Tigre region, in the department of Santa Cruz, there are occurrences of magnesium-bearing minerals.

To produce and export large quantities of magnesium, as with any other mineral resource, capital and technology are needed for prospecting, exploration, exploitation, and processing.

For this, we need (and should be able) to change laws and bring order to our country to establish legal security for investments, ensure the rule of law, and build strong, transparent, and efficient institutions that uphold and enforce the law. Finally, we must create a favorable environment for mining investment, with economic freedom and a competitive, fair tax system.

We must be aware that a country’s mineral resources are a necessary but not sufficient condition for benefiting its population. The true driver of a nation’s progress is not merely its natural resources but its people—their knowledge, talents, ways of organizing and undertaking initiatives, motivations, and values.

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