The Liberals and Politics | Los Liberales y la Política

By Oscar Antezana Malpartida:

The gift of freedom given to us by God is received from above, but freedom in the earthly world must be earned. This freedom, which has recently been advocated, led by the Argentine president Javier Milei, is won or lost in the political arena. Dogmas or doctrines must be grounded in the real world and executed in different, fluctuating, and imperfect cultural, social, historical, political, institutional, and economic contexts. Let’s look at the experience of the first 100 days of the Milei government and what is currently happening in Bolivia, as well as the proposed economic policies.

In this short time, Milei can boast of true economic successes. His popularity remains high, although he lacks support in Congress. “We are really very satisfied,” declared the president of Argentina.

Milei campaigned wielding a chainsaw and promising to cut spending. The government owed $263 billion to foreign creditors but had no dollars at all. Like many Argentine governments before it, the previous one spent far beyond its means trying to buy popularity while inventing increasingly absurd macroeconomic solutions to keep the faltering economy afloat. This is what is currently happening in Bolivia. Debt equivalent to more than 80% of GDP and growing, while economic growth is meager. Its absurd policies of imposing an 18% tax (down from 25%) on bank transfers, for example, are to finance the inflated fiscal spending of 7% of GDP over the past ten years, at the expense of further contracting the economy.

To demonstrate that there will be no more money printing, Milei is obsessed with achieving a budget surplus, meaning that the government spends less than its income. The government achieved monthly surpluses, the first in over a decade. It did so by reducing subsidies for energy and transportation, transfers to provinces, and public investment. Additionally, the government devalued the peso by over 50%. Markets are beginning to believe that the government’s policies will yield results. Argentina’s country risk index has dropped reassuringly.

However, the costs are visible. But these costs cannot be attributed to the firefighter putting out the fire but to the socialist arsonists. Hit by inflation, an estimated 50% of Argentines are in poverty, up from 38% in September. In real terms, wages are estimated to have regressed 20 years. Total pharmacy sales have dropped by 46%. Sales volumes of small and medium-sized enterprises fell by almost 30% in January. The economy is estimated to contract by 4% this year.

Milei’s approval ratings remain remarkably high, around 50%, despite the economic difficulties. This is mainly because he has managed to blame the socialist arsonist caste for getting Argentina into this mess. And it’s true! The economic plan is fraught with uncertainties. One risk is the exchange rate. Fiscal surpluses may be difficult to sustain and could lead to a recession that would further affect tax revenues. This will be felt more and soon in Bolivia. By creating taxes, limiting deposit withdrawals, or providing gasoline below demand, a recession is brewing that will result in lower tax revenues and greater poverty.

Milei mainly faces a political challenge. He has minimal representation of 15% in the Lower House. He needs some support from it to implement reforms. That is why I mentioned in a previous article that the challenge for the political opposition in Bolivia, whatever it may be or gestate for the 2025 elections, is not only to win them but to win overwhelmingly to have a comfortable representation in Congress and to be able to make necessary reforms.

The economy goes hand in hand with politics. The new liberal political group, the Bolivian Liberal Party, proposed seven policies a few days ago. Three related to lower government spending: eliminate subsidies; eliminate more than 70 state-owned companies; and reduce the state apparatus from 600,000 public employees to 300,000. I would be more cautious with the first one; it needs to be done, yes. But we need to study the degree and timing of doing it. Let’s learn from the increase in poverty in Argentina generated by the necessary adjustments to the disaster left by the previous demagogic and socialist government. Additionally, four policies to promote private investment: eliminate export quotas, price controls, and undertake a profound tax reform to reduce taxes, lower rates, and make them easy to pay; deregulate the labor market; offer legal certainty to companies and individuals; and open borders to import and export. We need to thoroughly review tax policy to promote investment but also make it fairer, more sustainable, transparent, and easier to pay; automate/digitize the entire system. Deregulating the labor market is tremendously difficult. It was attempted since the 21060s; it was relaxed but not reformed. It is better to accomplish 80% of the policy agenda than to risk everything. “Offering legal certainty…” is not enough. The judicial system must be reformed and strengthened to be politically neutral, transparent, and enforce the law for 100% of Bolivians. Moreover, this is one, if not the most significant reform the country requires. Finally, liberalizing international trade is fine; what matters is “how.” We must learn from recent Argentina and our own experience with 21060 and others. How has the political and social context changed in the country and the world in these 38 years? Do we now have gas as we used to have tin as the main generator of foreign exchange?

It is also necessary to enact some sectoral policies to promote growth and/or alleviate the social costs that will come with macroeconomic policies. We must enact and invest in a tourism policy, the quintessential generator of foreign exchange and employment. There is no need to reinvent the wheel; I would take Peru or Colombia as a reference. I would strengthen the state apparatus taking Chile’s experience. I would look with interest to Ecuador to initiate an industrialization process. I would attract foreign investment and know-how in a focused and aggressive manner; we cannot wait for them to fall from the sky.

Bolivia does not need a five-year liberal government, it is a short time to reverse the damage of the last almost 20 years. Bolivia needs government(s) with legislative support, strong and firm leadership, that strictly enforces the law and applies liberal policies that have been in reality for more than 10 years.

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