Santa Cruz, the older brother | Santa Cruz, el hermano mayor

By Oscar Antezana Malpartida, El Dia: Santa Cruz is the largest department of Bolivia in every sense: territorial, population, business, economy, etc. Santa Cruz is the older brother of the departments, and the father is the centralist, abusive, and dictatorial state, which resides in La Paz (La Paz, as a department, is the second oldest…

The existence of “chola” or “cunumi” bourgeoisies | La existencia de burguesías “chola” o “cunumi”

Carlos Toranzo Roca, Brujula Digital: Economic Elites Beyond the Aristocracy There is a prejudice in Bolivia that suggests economic elites have always come from the country’s aristocratic landowning class, from the oligarchies. However, empirical analysis shows that since the early days, starting with Simón I. Patiño, the tin baron who internationalized very early on, to…